Tipu Sultan had, ruled his kingdom only for sixteen-and-a-half years, from December 7, 1782 to May 4, 1799. The territory of Malabar was under his effective control only for a short period of eight years. If he had not secured the assistance of the wily Purnaiyya, there would not have been so many Muhammadans in the states of Kerala and Karnataka. Hindus also would not have become less prosperous, and fewer in number.
When that Brahmin Prime Minister, Purnaiyya, presented to Tipu Sultan 90,000 soldiers, three crore rupees, and invaluable ornaments made of precious stones, he was tempted to rule as the Emperor of the South India. Tipu did not consider the Hindu rulers of Maharashtra, Coorg and Travancore or the Muslim ruler Nizam as impediments. He was afraid of only the British. He had convinced himself that he could easily become the Emperor of South India if he could somehow vanquish the British. Because of his intense and-British attitude, the so-called progressive and secular historians have made a vain attempt to paint Tipu Sultan as a great national hero.
Opposition to foreign powers need not always be due to love for one's country. To achieve his selfish goal and to face the British forces, Tipu Sultan sought the assistance of another foreign power, the French, who were manoeuvring to establish their own domination in the country. How is it possible, therefore, for Tipu Sultan to be an enemy of foreign forces when he himself had sought help from Napoleon who was then a prisoner in St. Helena Island and also the French King, Louis XVI?
Besides, he also wanted to establish Islamic rule in the country; to achieve that he had to first defeat the British. For this purpose, Tipu Sultan solicited the assistance of Muslim countries like Persia, Afghanistan and Turkey. It is true that Tipu did not harm the Raja of Cochin or anyone for that matter who surrendered and pledged loyalty to him. But how does that make him a friend of Hindus?
M.A. Gopal Rao, stated a few years ago in one of his articles: 'In a deliberately designed taxation scheme, the religious prejudice of Tipu Sultan became quite clear. His co-religionists, Muslims, were exempted from house tax, commodity tax and also the levy on other items of household use. Those who were converted to Muhammadanism, were also given similar tax exemptions. He had even made provisions for the education of their children. Tipu Sultan discontinued the practice of appointing Hindus in different administrative and military jobs as practised by his father, Hyder Ali Khan, in the past. He had deep hatred towards all non-Muslims. During the entire period of sixteen years of his regime, Purnaiyya was the only Hindu who had adorned the post of Dewan or minister under Tipu Sultan. In 1797 (two years before his death) among the 65 senior Government posts, not even a single Hindu was retained. All the Mustadirs were also Muslims. Among the 26 civil and military officers captured by the British in 1792 there were only 6 non-Muslims. In 1789, when the Nizam of Hyderabad and other Muslim rulers decided that only Muslims would be appointed henceforth in all Government posts, Tipu Sultan also adopted the same policy in his Mysore State. Just because they were Muslims, even those who were illiterate and inefficient, were also appointed to important Government posts. Even for getting promotions, one still had to be a Muslim under Tipu Sultan's regime. Considering the interest and convenience of only Muslim officers, all the records relating to tax revenue, were ordered to be written in Persian rather than in Marathi and Kannada as followed earlier. He even tried to make Persian the State language in place of Kannada. In the end all the Government posts were filled by lazy and irresponsible Muslims. As a consequence the people had to suffer a great deal because of those fun-seeking and irresponsible Muslim officers. The Muslim officers, occupying important posts at all levels, were all dishonest and unreliable persons. Even when people complained to him with evidences against those officers, Tipu Sultan did not care to inquire about the complaints lodged."
EVEN THE PLACE-NAMES WERE CHANGED
Gopal Rao had written all these on the basis of the writings of Tipu's own son, Ghulam Muhammad, and Muslim historians like Kirmani. Even the Hindu names of places, the Sultan could not tolerate. Therefore, Mangalapuri (Mangalore) was changed to Jalalabad, Cannanore (Kanwapuram) to Kusanabad, Bepur (Vaippura) to Sultanpatanam or Faruqui, Mysore to Nazarabad, Dharwar to Quarshed-Sawad, Gooty to Faiz-Hissar, Ratnagiri to Mustafabad, Dindigul to Khaliqabad, and Calicut (Kozhikode) to Islamabad. It was after the death of Tipu Sultan that the local people reverted to old names.
ISLAMIC ATROCITIES IN COORG, BEDNUR, AND MANGALORE
The cruelties which Tipu Sultan committed in Coorg, has no parallel in history. On one occasion, he forcibly converted over ten thousand Hindus to Muhammadanism. On another occasion, he captured and converted to Islam more than one thousand Hindu Coorgis before imprisoning them in the Sreerangapatanam fortress. In the period of confusion and anarchy prevailing in Sreerangapatanam during the last war of Tipu Sultan against the British, all the Coorgi prisoners escaped from the prison and became Hindus again after reaching their native kingdom. Against the solemn oath given to the Raja of Coorg, Tipu Sultan forcibly abducted a young princess from the Coorg royal family and made her his wife against her will.
The atrocities committed by Tipu Sultan in Bidnur in North Karnataka during and after its capture by him, were most barbarous and beyond description. Ayaz Khan who was Kammaran Nambiar from Chirackal Kingdom before his forcible conversion to Islam by Hyder Ali Khan, had been appointed as Governor of Bidnur. Tipu Sultan was jealous of and opposed to Ayaz Khan from the very beginning because Hyder Ali Khan had considered the latter more intelligent and smart. When Ayaz Khan learnt that Tipu Sultan was scheming to kill him secretly, he escaped to Bombay with plenty of gold. Tipu Sultan came to Bednur and forcibly converted its entire population to Islam. The people accepted Islam for the sake of their lives.
After the capture of Mangalore, thousands of Christians were also forcibly sent to Sreerangapatanam where all of them were circumcised and converted to Islam. Tipu Sultan's justification was that during the Portuguese domination, prior to the arrival of the British, many Muslims had been converted to Christianity by their Missionaries. He proudly proclaimed his action as a sort of punishment for the conversion of many Muslims by the Portuguese.
Then he marched upto Kumbla on the northern borders of Kerala, forcibly converting to Islam every Hindu on the way. This time, his argument (repeated by the Muslim and secularist historians of today) was that if all belonged to one religion - Muhammadanism - there would be unity and consequently it would be easy to defeat the British!
INSIDE MALABAR
In Malabar, the main target of Tipu Sultan's atrocities were Hindus and Hindu temples. According to Lewis B. Boury, the atrocities committed by Tipu Sultan against Hindus in Malabar were worse and more barbarous than those committed against the Hindus in Hindustan by the notorious Mahmud of Ghazni, Alauddin Khalji, and Nadir Shah. He disputes in his book Mukherjee's version that Tipu Sultan had converted only his opponents. Normally even a cruel person kills or tortures only his enemies. But that argument does not justify the cruelties committed by him against innocent women and children.
DANCE OF THE ISLAMIC SATAN
According to the Malabar Manual of William Logan who was the District Collector for some time, Thrichambaram and Thalipparampu temples in Chirackal Taluqa, Thiruvangatu Temple (Brass Pagoda) in Tellicherry, and Ponmeri Temple near Badakara were all destroyed by Tipu Sultan. TheMalabar Manual mention that the Maniyoor mosque was once a Hindu temple. The local belief is that it was converted to a mosque during the days of Tipu Sultan.
Vatakkankoor Raja Raja Varma in his famous literary work, History of Sanskrit Literature in Kerala, has written the following about the loss and destruction faced by the Hindu temples in Kerala during the military regime (Padayottam) of Tipu Sultan: "There was no limit as to the loss the Hindu temples suffered due to the military operations of Tipu Sultan. Burning down the temples, destruction of the idols installed therein and also cutting the heads of cattle over the temple deities were the cruel entertainments of Tipu Sultan and his equally cruel army. It was heartrending even to imagine the destruction caused by Tipu Sultan in the famous ancient temples of Thalipparampu and Thrichambaram. The devastation caused by this new Ravana's barbarous activities have not yet been fully rectified."
KOZHIKODE MADE A GRAVEYARD
As per the provisions of the Treaty of Mangalore of 1784, the British had allowed Tipu Sultan to have his suzerainty over Malabar. 'In consequence, the Hindus of Malabar had to suffer the most severe enormities the world had ever known in history,' observes K.V. Krishna Iyer, in his famous book, Zamorins of Calicut, based on historical records available from the royal house of Zamorins in Calicut. "When the second-in-line of Zamorins, Eralppad, refused to cooperate with Tipu Sultan in his military operations against Travancore because of Tipu's crude methods of forcible circumcision and conversion of Hindus to Islam, the enraged Tipu Sultan took a solemn oath to circumcise and convert the Zamorin and his chieftains and Hindu soldiers to Islamic faith," he adds.
L.B. Boury writes: "To show his ardent devotion and steadfast faith in Muhammaddan religion, Tipu Sultan found Kozhikode to be the most suitable place. It was because the Hindus of Malabar refused to reject the matriarchal system, polyandry and half-nakedness of women that the 'great reformer' Tipu Sultan tried to honour the entire population with Islam." To the Malabar people, the Muslim harem, Muslim polygamy and the Islamic ritual of circumcision were equally repulsive and opposed to the ancient culture and tradition in Kerala. Tipu Sultan sought a marriage alliance with the matriarchal Muslim family of Arackal Bibi in Cannanore. Kozhikode was then a centre of Brahmins and had over 7000 Brahmin families living there. Over 2000 Brahmin families perished as a result of Tipu Sultan's Islamic cruelties. He did not spare even women and children. Most of the men escaped to forests and foreign lands.
Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai wrote in the Mathrubhoomi Weekly of December 25, 1955: "Muhammadans greatly increased in number. Hindus were forcibly circumcised in thousands. As a result of Tipu's atrocities, strength of Nairs and Chamars (Scheduled Castes) significantly diminished in number. Namboodiris also substantially decreased in number."
The German missionary Guntest has recorded: 'Accompanied by an army of 60,000, Tipu Sultan came to Kozhikode in 1788 and razed it to the ground. It is not possible even to describe the brutalities committed by that Islamic barbarian from Mysore." C.A. Parkhurst also noted that 'Almost the entire Kozhikode was razed to the ground."
TEMPLES DESTROYED
Thali, Thiruvannur, Varackal, Puthur, Govindapuram, Thalikkunnu and other important temples in the town of Kozhikode as well as those nearby were completely destroyed as a result of Tipu's military operations. Some of them were reconstructed by the Zamorin after he returned following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in Sreerangapatanam and the Treaty of 1792.
The devastation caused by Tipu Sultan to the ancient and holy temples of Keraladheeswaram, Thrikkandiyoor and Thriprangatu in Vettum region was terrible. The Zamorin renovated these temples to some extent. The famous and ancient Thirunavaya Temple, known throughout the country as an ancient teaching-centre of the Vedas, revered by the devotees of Vishnu from Tamil Nadu, and existing before the advent of Christ, was also plundered and destroyed by Tipu's army (Malabar Gazetteer). After dismantling and destroying the idol, Tipu converted the Thrikkavu Temple into an ammunition depot in Ponnani (Malabar Manual). It was the Zamorin who repaired the temple later. Kotikkunnu, Thrithala, Panniyoor and other family temples of the Zamorin were plundered and destroyed. The famous Sukapuram Temple was also desecrated. Damage done to the Perumparampu Temple and Maranelira Temple of Azhvancherry Thamprakkal (titular head of all Namboodiri Brahmins) in Edappadu, can be seen even today. Vengari Temple and Thrikkulam Temple in Eranadu, Azhinjillam Temple in Ramanattukara, Indyannur Temple, Mannur Temple and many other temples were defiled and damaged extensively during the military regime.
Tipu Sultan reached Guruvayoor Temple only after destroying Mammiyoor Temple and Palayur Christian Church. If the destruction caused by Tipu's army is not visible today in the Guruvayoor Temple, it is mainly because of the intervention of Hydrose Kutty who had been converted to Islam by Hyder Ali Khan. He secured the safety of the temple and the continuation of land-tax exemption allowed by Hyder Ali earlier, besides the renovation and repairs done by the devotees later. According to available evidences, fearing the wrath of Tipu Sultan, the sacred idol of the Guruvayoor Temple was removed to the Ambalapuzha Sri Krishna Temple in Travancore State. It was only after the end of Tipu's military regime, that the idol was ceremoniously reinstated in the Guruvayoor Temple itself. Even today, daily pujas are conducted in Ambalapuzha Sri Krishna Temple where the idol of Guruvayoor Temple was temporarily installed and worshipped.
Damages caused to the nearby temples at Parampathali, Panmayanadu and Vengidangu are visible even today. The deplorable state of the architecture of the sanctum sanctorum of Parampathali Temple destroyed during the military operations of Tipu Sultan is really heart-rending. The atrocities committed in Kozhikode during the nightmarish days of the military occupation are vividly described in the works of Fra Bartolomaeo who had travelled through Kerala at that time. How cruelly Tipu Sultan, ably assisted by the French Commander M. Lally, had treated the Hindu and Christian population can be clearly understood from his writings.
TALKING RECORDS OF KERALA HISTORY
Govinda Pillai says in his famous book, History of Literature; "During Malayalam Era 965 corresponding to 1789-90, Tipu Sultan crossed over to Malabar with an army of uncivilised barbarians. With a sort of fanatical love for Islamic faith, he destroyed many Hindu temples and Christian churches which were the custodians of precious wealth and religious traditions. Besides, Tipu Sultan abducted hundreds of people and forcibly circumcised and converted them to Islam - an act which was considered by them as more than death."
A small army of 2000 Nairs of Kadathanadu resisted the invasion of the huge army of Tipu Sultan from a fortress in Kuttipuram for a few weeks. They were reduced to starvation and death. Tipu Sultan entered the fort and offered to spare their lives, provided they accepted conversion to Islam. The unfortunate lot of 2000 Nairs were then forced to eat beef after being converted to Islamic faith, at the end of usual religious ritual of mass circumcision. All the members of one branch of Parappanad Royal Family were forcibly converted to Muhammadan faith except for one or two who escaped from the clutches of Tipu Sultan's army. Similarly, one Thiruppad belonging to Nilamboor Royal Family was also forcibly abducted and converted to Islam. Thereafter, it was reported that further conversions of Hindus were attempted through those converts. In the end, when the Kolathiri Raja surrendered and paid tribute, Tipu Sultan got him treacherously killed without any specific reason, dragged his dead body tied to the feet of an elephant through the streets, and finally hanged him from a tree-top to show his Islamic contempt for Hindu Rajas.
Many Nair and Brahmin landlords fled the country leaving their vast wealth behind. The Mappilas forcibly took possession of their lands and wealth. Tipu Sultan did not object to their actions. Most of the Mappila landlords of today claim that they purchased the ownership of the landed properties from Nairs and Brahmins after paying heavy compensation. These blatant lies are being repeated by them in spite of the fact that practically nothing was paid to the Hindu landlords then or later. (The same Islamic treachery was repeated during the Mappila riots of 1921.)
In any case, Tipu Sultan succeeded in mass killing, converting lakhs of Hindus to Islamic faith, driving thousands out of their traditional homes, and finally making the rest extremely poor. Many Hindus belonging to lower castes accepted conversion to Islam under duress. However, many others, especially the Thiyyas, fled to Tellicherry and Mahe for safety.
When the British established their rule in Malabar and the Hindu landlords made efforts to recover their landed properties, illegally occupied by the local Mappilas, Mullahs started preaching to their fanatic followers that "killing of Hindu landlords was a sacred Islamic act," leading to frequent Mappila outrages in Malabar.1
In Cherunad, Vettathunad, Eranad, Valluvanad, Thamarassery and other interior areas, local Mappilas unleashed a reign of terror on the Hindu population, mainly to retain the illegally occupied land and to establish their domination over Hindus as during Tipu's regime. Fearing the organised robberies and violence, people could not even travel freely in the Malabar hinterland of predominantly Mappila population.
![^ प्राचीन भारत के विमान(प्राचीन सम्रद्ध भारत की गौरवशाली झलक )
प्राचीन विमानों की दो श्रेणिया इस प्रकार थीः-
मानव निर्मित विमान, जो आधुनिक विमानों की तरह पंखों के सहायता से उडान भरते थे।
महर्षि भारद्वाज के शब्दों में पक्षियों की भान्ती उडने के कारण वायुयान को विमान कहते हैं। वेगसाम्याद विमानोण्डजानामिति ।।
विमानों के प्रकार:- शकत्युदगमविमान अर्थात विद्युत से चलने वाला विमान, धूम्रयान(धुँआ,वाष्प आदि से चलने वाला), अशुवाहविमान(सूर्य किरणों से चलने वाला), शिखोदभगविमान(पारे से चलने वाला), तारामुखविमान(चुम्बक शक्ति से चलने वाला), मरूत्सखविमान(गैस इत्यादि से चलने वाला), भूतवाहविमान(जल,अग्नि तथा वायु से चलने वाला)।
आश्चर्य जनक विमान, जो मानव निर्मित नहीं थे किन्तु उन का आकार प्रकार आधुनिक ‘उडन तशतरियों’ के अनुरूप है।
विमान विकास के प्राचीन ग्रन्थ
भारतीय उल्लेख प्राचीन संस्कृत भाषा में सैंकडों की संख्या में उपलब्द्ध हैं, किन्तु खेद का विषय है कि उन्हें अभी तक किसी आधुनिक भाषा में अनुवादित ही नहीं किया गया। प्राचीन भारतीयों ने जिन विमानों का अविष्कार किया था उन्हों
ने विमानों की संचलन प्रणाली तथा उन की देख भाल सम्बन्धी निर्देश भी संकलित किये थे, जो आज भी उपलब्द्ध हैं और उन में से कुछ का अंग्रेजी में अनुवाद भी किया जा चुका है। विमान विज्ञान विषय पर कुछ मुख्य प्राचीन ग्रन्थों का ब्योरा इस प्रकार हैः-
1. ऋगवेद- इस आदि ग्रन्थ में कम से कम 200 बार विमानों के बारे में उल्लेख है। उन में तिमंजिला, त्रिभुज आकार के, तथा तिपहिये विमानों का उल्लेख है जिन्हे अश्विनों (वैज्ञिानिकों) ने बनाया था। उन में साधारणत्या तीन यात्री जा सकते थे। विमानों के निर्माण के लिये स्वर्ण, रजत तथा लोह धातु का प्रयोग किया गया था तथा उन के दोनो ओर पंख होते थे। वेदों में विमानों के कई आकार-प्रकार उल्लेखित किये गये हैं। अहनिहोत्र विमान के दो ईंजन तथा हस्तः विमान (हाथी की शक्ल का विमान) में दो से अधिक ईंजन होते थे। एक अन्य विमान का रुप किंग-फिशर पक्षी के अनुरूप था। इसी प्रकार कई अन्य जीवों के रूप वाले विमान थे। इस में कोई सन्देह नहीं कि बीसवीं सदी की तरह पहले भी मानवों ने उड़ने की प्रेरणा पक्षियों से ही ली होगी। याता-यात के लिये ऋग वेद में जिन विमानों का उल्लेख है वह इस प्रकार है-
जल-यान – यह वायु तथा जल दोनो तलों में चल सकता था। (ऋग वेद 6.58.3)
कारा – यह भी वायु तथा जल दोनो तलों में चल सकता था। (ऋग वेद 9.14.1)
त्रिताला – इस विमान का आकार तिमंजिला था। (ऋग वेद 3.14.1)
त्रिचक्र रथ – यह तिपहिया विमान आकाश में उड सकता था। (ऋग वेद 4.36.1)
वायु रथ – रथ की शकल का यह विमान गैस अथवा वायु की शक्ति से चलता था। (ऋग वेद 5.41.6)
विद्युत रथ – इस प्रकार का रथ विमान विद्युत की शक्ति से चलता था। (ऋग वेद 3.14.1).
2. यजुर्वेद में भी ऐक अन्य विमान का तथा उन की संचलन प्रणाली उल्लेख है जिस का निर्माण जुडवा अशविन कुमारों ने किया था। इस विमान के प्रयोग से उन्हो मे राजा भुज्यु को समुद्र में डूबने से बचाया था।
3. विमानिका शास्त्र –1875 ईसवी में भारत के ऐक मन्दिर में विमानिका शास्त्र ग्रंथ की ऐक प्रति मिली थी। इस ग्रन्थ को ईसा से 400 वर्ष पूर्व का बताया जाता है तथा ऋषि भारदूाज रचित माना जाता है। इस का अनुवाद अंग्रेज़ी भाषा में हो चुका है। इसी ग्रंथ में पूर्व के 97 अन्य विमानाचार्यों का वर्णन है तथा 20 ऐसी कृतियों का वर्णन है जो विमानों के आकार प्रकार के बारे में विस्तरित जानकारी देते हैं। खेद का विषय है कि इन में से कई अमूल्य कृतियाँ अब लुप्त हो चुकी हैं। इन ग्रन्थों के विषय इस प्रकार थेः-
विमान के संचलन के बारे में जानकारी, उडान के समय सुरक्षा सम्बन्धी जानकारी, तुफान तथा बिजली के आघात से विमान की सुरक्षा के उपाय, आवश्यक्ता पडने पर साधारण ईंधन के बदले सौर ऊर्जा पर विमान को चलाना आदि। इस से यह तथ्य भी स्पष्ट होता है कि इस विमान में ‘एन्टी ग्रेविटी’ क्षेत्र की यात्रा की क्षमता भी थी।
विमानिका शास्त्र में सौर ऊर्जा के माध्यम से विमान को उडाने के अतिरिक्त ऊर्जा को संचित रखने का विधान भी बताया गया है। ऐक विशेष प्रकार के शीशे की आठ नलियों में सौर ऊर्जा को एकत्रित किया जाता था जिस के विधान की पूरी जानकारी लिखित है किन्तु इस में से कई भाग अभी ठीक तरह से समझे नहीं गये हैं।
इस ग्रन्थ के आठ भाग हैं जिन में विस्तरित मानचित्रों से विमानों की बनावट के अतिरिक्त विमानों को अग्नि तथा टूटने से बचाव के तरीके भी लिखित हैं।
ग्रन्थ में 31 उपकरणों का वर्तान्त है तथा 16 धातुओं का उल्लेख है जो विमान निर्माण में प्रयोग की जाती हैं जो विमानों के निर्माण के लिये उपयुक्त मानी गयीं हैं क्यों कि वह सभी धातुयें गर्मी सहन करने की क्षमता रखती हैं और भार में हल्की हैं।
4. यन्त्र सर्वस्वः – यह ग्रन्थ भी ऋषि भारदूाजरचित है। इस के 40 भाग हैं जिन में से एक भाग ‘विमानिका प्रकरण’के आठ अध्याय, लगभग 100 विषय और 500 सूत्र हैं जिन में विमान विज्ञान का उल्लेख है। इस ग्रन्थ में ऋषि भारदूाजने विमानों को तीन श्रेऩियों में विभाजित किया हैः-
अन्तरदेशीय – जो ऐक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान पर जाते हैं।
अन्तरराष्ट्रीय – जो ऐक देश से दूसरे देश को जाते
अन्तीर्क्षय – जो ऐक ग्रह से दूसरे ग्रह तक जाते
इन में सें अति-उल्लेखलीय सैनिक विमान थे जिन की विशेषतायें विस्तार पूर्वक लिखी गयी हैं और वह अति-आधुनिक साईंस फिक्शन लेखक को भी आश्चर्य चकित कर सकती हैं। उदाहरणार्थ सैनिक विमानों की विशेषतायें इस प्रकार की थीं-
पूर्णत्या अटूट, अग्नि से पूर्णत्या सुरक्षित, तथा आवश्यक्ता पडने पर पलक झपकने मात्र समय के अन्दर ही ऐक दम से स्थिर हो जाने में सक्ष्म।
शत्रु से अदृष्य हो जाने की क्षमता।
शत्रुओं के विमानों में होने वाले वार्तालाप तथा अन्य ध्वनियों को सुनने में सक्ष्म। शत्रु के विमान के भीतर से आने वाली आवाजों को तथा वहाँ के दृष्यों को रिकार्ड कर लेने की क्षमता।
शत्रु के विमान की दिशा तथा दशा का अनुमान लगाना और उस पर निगरानी रखना।
शत्रु के विमान के चालकों तथा यात्रियों को दीर्घ काल के लिये स्तब्द्ध कर देने की क्षमता।
निजि रुकावटों तथा स्तब्द्धता की दशा से उबरने की क्षमता।
आवश्यक्ता पडने पर स्वयं को नष्ट कर सकने की क्षमता।
चालकों तथा यात्रियों में मौसमानुसार अपने आप को बदल लेने की क्षमता।
स्वचालित तापमान नियन्त्रण करने की क्षमता।
हल्के तथा उष्णता ग्रहण कर सकने वाले धातुओं से निर्मित तथा आपने आकार को छोटा बडा करने, तथा अपने चलने की आवाजों को पूर्णत्या नियन्त्रित कर सकने में सक्ष्म।
विचार करने योग्य तथ्य है कि इस प्रकार का विमान अमेरिका के अति आधुनिक स्टेल्थ फाईटर और उडन तशतरी का मिश्रण ही हो सकता है। ऋषि भारदूाजकोई आधुनिक ‘फिक्शन राईटर’ नहीं थे परन्तुऐसे विमान की परिकल्पना करना ही आधुनिक बुद्धिजीवियों को चकित कर सकता है कि भारत के ऋषियों ने इस प्रकार के वैज्ञिानक माडल का विचार कैसे किया। उन्हों ने अंतरीक्ष जगत और अति-आधुनिक विमानों के बारे में लिखा जब कि विश्व के अन्य देश साधारण खेती बाडी का ज्ञान भी पूर्णत्या हासिल नहीं कर पाये थे।
5. समरांगनः सुत्रधारा – य़ह ग्रन्थ विमानों तथा उन से सम्बन्धित सभी विषयों के बारे में जानकारी देता है।इस के 230 पद्य विमानों के निर्माण, उडान, गति, सामान्य तथा आकस्माक उतरान एवम पक्षियों की दुर्घटनाओं के बारे में भी उल्लेख करते हैं।
लगभग सभी वैदिक ग्रन्थों में विमानों की बनावट त्रिभुज आकार की दिखायी गयी है। किन्तु इन ग्रन्थों में दिया गया आकार प्रकार पूर्णत्या स्पष्ट और सूक्ष्म है। कठिनाई केवल धातुओं को पहचानने में आती है।
समरांगनः सुत्रधारा के आनुसार सर्व प्रथम पाँच प्रकार के विमानों का निर्माण ब्रह्मा, विष्णु, यम, कुबेर तथा इन्द्र के लिये किया गया था। पश्चात अतिरिक्त विमान बनाये गये। चार मुख्य श्रेणियों का ब्योरा इस प्रकार हैः-
रुकमा – रुकमानौकीले आकार के और स्वर्ण रंग के थे।
सुन्दरः –सुन्दर राकेट की शक्ल तथा रजत युक्त थे।
त्रिपुरः –त्रिपुर तीन तल वाले थे।
शकुनः – शकुनः का आकार पक्षी के जैसा था।
दस अध्याय संलगित विषयों पर लिखे गये हैं जैसे कि विमान चालकों का परिशिक्षण, उडान के मार्ग, विमानों के कल-पुरज़े, उपकरण, चालकों एवम यात्रियों के परिधान तथा लम्बी विमान यात्रा के समय भोजन किस प्रकार का होना चाहिये।
ग्रन्थ में धातुओं को साफ करने की विधि, उस के लिये प्रयोग करने वाले द्रव्य, अम्ल जैसे कि नींबु अथवा सेब या कोई अन्य रसायन, विमान में प्रयोग किये जाने वाले तेल तथा तापमान आदि के विषयों पर भी लिखा गया है।
सात प्रकार के ईजनों का वर्णन किया गया है तथा उन का किस विशिष्ट उद्देष्य के लिये प्रयोग करना चाहिये तथा कितनी ऊचाई पर उस का प्रयोग सफल और उत्तम होगा। सारांश यह कि प्रत्येक विषय पर तकनीकी और प्रयोगात्मक जानकारी उपलब्द्ध है। विमान आधुनिक हेलीकोपटरों की तरह सीधे ऊची उडान भरने तथा उतरने के लिये, आगे पीछ तथा तिरछा चलने में भी सक्ष्म बताये गये हैं
6. कथा सरित-सागर – यह ग्रन्थ उच्च कोटि के श्रमिकों का उल्लेख करता है जैसे कि काष्ठ का काम करने वाले जिन्हें राज्यधर और प्राणधर कहा जाता था। यह समुद्र पार करने के लिये भी रथों का निर्माण करते थे तथा एक सहस्त्र यात्रियों को ले कर उडने वालो विमानों को बना सकते थे। यह रथ-विमान मन की गति के समान चलते थे।
कोटिल्लय के अर्थ शास्त्र में अन्य कारीगरों के अतिरिक्त सोविकाओं का उल्लेख है जो विमानों को आकाश में उडाते थे । कोटिल्लय ने उन के लिये विशिष्ट शब्द आकाश युद्धिनाह का प्रयोग किया है जिस का अर्थ है आकाश में युद्ध करने वाला (फाईटर-पायलेट) आकाश रथ, चाहे वह किसी भी आकार के हों का उल्लेख सम्राट अशोक के आलेखों में भी किया गया है जो उस के काल 256-237 ईसा पूर्व में लगाये गये थे।
उपरोक्त तथ्यों को केवल कोरी कल्पना कह कर नकारा नहीं जा सकता क्यों कल्पना को भी आधार के लिये किसी ठोस धरातल की जरूरत होती है। क्या विश्व में अन्य किसी देश के साहित्य में इस विषयों पर प्राचीन ग्रंथ हैं ? आज तकनीक ने भारत की उन्हीं प्राचीन ‘कल्पनाओं’ को हमारे सामने पुनः साकार कर के दिखाया है, मगर विदेशों में या तो परियों और ‘ऐंजिलों’ को बाहों पर उगे पंखों के सहारे से उडते दिखाया जाता रहा है या किसी सिंदबाद को कोई बाज उठा कर ले जाता है, तो कोई ‘गुलफाम’ उडने वाले घोडे पर सवार हो कर किसी ‘सब्ज परी’ को किसी जिन्न के उडते हुये कालीन से नीचे उतार कर बचा लेता है और फिर ऊँट पर बैठा कर रेगिस्तान में बने महल में वापिस छोड देता है। इन्हें कल्पना नहीं, ‘फैंटेसी’ कहते हैं।
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