Thursday, July 23, 2015

Ancient India and its role in science-Reminder

Ancient India contributed to what science is today. After havoc created by occupying forces of Islamist, Greek, British, Europeans from beginning of this century, where islamist and Christians burned many scientific books, India did loose its edge in science. NOW time is changing for India to come and lead world again- 1. India invented the Number system. Pingalacharya invented ‘zero.’ in 200 BC.

2. Indians discovered the size, shape, rotation and gravity of earth about 1000 years before Kelvin,Galileo,Newton and 

Copper Nicus. Aryabhatta I was the first to explain spherical shape,size ,diameter,rotaion and correct speed of Earth in 499 

AD.

3. Newton’s law of Gravitational force is an ancient Indian discovery. In Siddhanta Siromani ( Bhuvanakosam 6 ) 

Bhaskaracharya II described about gravity of earth about 400 years before Sir Isaac Newton.

4. Bhaskaracharya II discovered Differential calculus.
***(http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Projects/Pearce/Chapters/Ch8_5.html)
***(http://veda.wikidot.com/bhaskaracharya)

5. Theory of Continued Fraction was discovered by Bhaskaracharya II.

6. The place value system, the decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC.

7. Indians discovered Arithmetic and Geometric progression. Arithmetic progression is explained in Yajurveda.

8. Govindaswamin discovered Newton Gauss Interpolation formula about 1800 years before Newton.

9. Vateswaracharya discovered Newton Gauss Backward Interpolation formula about 1000 years before Newton.

10. Madhavacharya discovered Taylor series of Sine and Cosine function about 250 years before Taylor.

11. Madhavacharya discovered Newton Power series.

12. Madhavacharya discovered Gregory Leibnitz series for the Inverse Tangent about 280 years before Gregory.

13. Madhavacharya discovered Leibnitz power series for pi about 300 years before Leibnitz.

14. Parameswaracharya discovered Lhuiler’s formula about 400 years before Lhuiler.

15. Nilakanta discovered Newton’s Infinite Geometric Progression convergent series.
***(http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=fec_1319064671&comments=1)

16. Theorems relating the diameter,volume and circumference of circles discovered by Madhavacharya, Puthumana 

Somayaji, Aryabhatta, Bhaskaracharya…….

17. The value of pi was first calculated by Aryabhatta I in 499 AD,ie more than 1350 years before Lindemann

18. Boudhayana discovered Pythagorus Theorem in 800BC. ie 300 years before Pythagorus.

19. Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India. Quadratic equations were by Sridharacharya in the 11th Century.

20. While the Greeks were using only upto a maximum value 1000, Indians could go upto 18th power of 10 level during 

Vedic period.

21. Infinity was well known for ancient Indians. BhaskaracharyaII in Beejaganitha (stanza-20) has given clear explanation 

with examples for infinity

22. Positive and Negative numbers and their calculations were explained first by Brahmagupta in his book Brahmasputa 

Siddhanta.
***(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%81hmasphu%E1%B9%ADasiddh%C4%81nta)

23. Sterling formula was discovered by Brahmagupta about 1000 years before Sterling.
***(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagupta)
***(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagupta's_interpolation_formula)

24. Demovier’s theorem of positive integral was discovered by Brahmagupta in 628 A.D, i.e around 1000 years before 

Demovier.

25. Puthumana Somayaji discovered Demovier’s infinite series in 1140 AD,i.e more than 200 years before Demovier.
***(http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=fec_1319064671)

26. Maharshi Sushruta is the father of surgery. 2600 years ago he and health scientists of his time conducted surgeries like 

cesareans, cataract, fractures and urinary stones. Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India. He was the first 

person to perform plastic surgery.

27. When many cultures in the world were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan 

culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilization).

28. The world’s first University was established in Takshila in 700BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world 

studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century BC was one of the greatest achievements 

of ancient India in the field of education.

29. According to the Forbes magazine, Sanskrit is the most suitable language for computer software.

30. Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans.

31. Although western media portray modern images of India as poverty stricken and underdeveloped through political 

corruption, India was once the richest empire on earth.

32. According to the Gemmological Institute of America, until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds to the world.

33. USA based IEEE has proved what has been a century-old suspicion amongst academics that the pioneer of wireless 

communication was Professor Jagdeesh Bose and not Marconi.

34. The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was built in Saurashtra.

35. Chess was invented in India.

36. The first philosopher who formulated ideas about the atom in a systematic manner was Kanada who lived in the 6th 

century B.C.

37. All the atomic reactors in the world are in Shiva Linga Shape which is an Indian contribution.

38. Padanjali maharshi discovered Sound waves.

39. Yoga is an ancient Indian gift to the world.

40. Shayanacharya discovered velocity of light.
***(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayana)
****(http://www.speakingtree.in/spiritual-blogs/seekers/science-of-spirituality/the-speed-of-light-by-acharya-sayana)

41. Maharshi Bharadwaja discovered different types of light rays.

42. Maharshi Bharadwaja was the first person to give definition about aeroplane. He explained about different types 

aeroplanes in his book “Vimana Thantra” about 2000 years before Right Brothers.

43. Maharshi Bharadwaja discovered spectrometer. In his “Yantra Sarvaswa” he explained about more than 100 instruments.

44. The different colours of light, VIBGYOR are mentioned in Rigveda which was written more than 6000 years ago.

45. Maharshi Charaka discovered Psychology and Quantum healing system.

46. Varahamihira discovered the concept of “Budding of plants”.

47. Varahamihira discovered Comets in 505 AD, i.e more than 1100 years before Haley.
****(http://books.google.co.in/books?id=y_c7atbRFDQC&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=Varahamihira+discovered

+Comets&source=bl&ots=PdSMenpOMH&sig=KuhDTfIcssMOCTqd4pFZqCuQL2o&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NoXuULTiLMbUkQXGo

YE4&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Varahamihira%20discovered%20Comets&f=false)

48. Gouthama Maharshi discovered the wave nature of sound about 1400 years before Hyghen.

49. Seven continents are mentioned in Padmapurana.

1. Bhaaskaraachaaryan - I (early 6th century AD) 

Formost among Ganithajnans (astrologer / mathematician) in the entire Bhaaratham (India), Bhaskaran-I, hailed from 

Kerala, according to experts. In 522 AD he wrote "Mahaa Bhaaskareeyam", also known as "Karma Nibandhham". A 

Vyaakhyaanam (explanations and discussions) on Aaryabhateeyam as well as a condensed version - "Laghu 

Bhaaskareeyam" - of Aaryabhateeyam, have also come down to us. 

(Bhaaskaraachaaryan-II who wrote "Leelaavathy" lived in the 11th century). 

2. Haridathan (650 - 750 AD) 

Though the Aarybhata system had been followed in calculating the planetary positions, Namboothiri scholars recognised 

variations between the computed and observed values of longitudes of the planets. A new system called "Parahitham" was 

proposed by Haridathan through his famous works "Graha-Chakra-Nibandhhana" and "Mahaa-Maarga-Nibandhhana". In 

683 AD, this system was accepted throughout Kerala on the occasion of the 12-yearly Mahaamaagha festival at 

Thirunavaya, and is recorded in many later works. Haridathan introduced many improvements over Aarybhata system, like 

using the more elegant Katapayaadi (Click here) system of notation in preference to the more complicated Aarybhataa's 

notation. 

Haridathan introduced the unique system of enunciating graded tables of the sines of arcs of anomaly (Manda-jya) and of 

conjugation (Seeghra-jya) at intervals of 3° 45' to facilitate the computation of the true positions of the planets. One of the 

corrections introduced by Haridathan to make the Aarybhata's results more accurate, is the "Sakaabda Samskaaram". 

3. Aadi Sankaran (788 - 820 AD) 

Sree Sankaran was born in Kalady in Central Kerala (nearly 50 km north east of Kochi) on the banks of river Periyar as the 

son of Kaippilly Sivaguru Namboothiri and Arya Antharjanam (Melpazhur Mana). Scientific concepts naturally evolved from 

this highly logical and rational intellect. It is believed that Sree Sankaran was the first mathematician to moot the concept of 

Number Line. [Ref: "Sankara Bhaashyam" (4-4-25) of the "Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad"]. It was Sree Sankaran who first 

expounded the idea of assigning a set of natural numbers to a straight line. As the number of elements in a set of natural 

numbers is infinite, it requires a symbol of infinity to represent them. A straight line can be considered to be infinitely long. 

Sankaran adopted a straight line as a symbol of infinity. A straight line can be divided to infinite number of parts and each of 

these parts can be assigned the value of a particular number. This is called number line. Though his concept lacks the 

perfection of modern number line theory, Sree Sankaran exhibited his intellectual ingenuity in conceiving such a novel idea. 

Yet another example for Sree Sankaran's unbiased and pure scientific pursuit of knowledge could be seen in the second 

"Slokam" of "Soundarya Lahari" [a collection of 100 Slokams in praise of Goddess Durga written by Sree Sankaran]. In the 

Slokam "Thaneeyaamsam paamsum thava charana pankeruhabhavam", we can see a hint to the theory of inter-

convertibility of mass and energy. Famous scientist Albert Einstein put forward this theory much later. Einstein said mass 

can be converted to energy and vice-versa according to the equation E = MC², where E = Energy released, M = Mass of the 

substance, and C = Velocity of light = 3 x 10¹º cm/sec. 

In another context, Sree Sankaran postulated that the diameter of Sun is 1 lakh "Yojanas". Later the modern scientific 

community calculated the diameter which agreed very closely with (just 3% error) the value provided by Sankaran. 

4. Sankaranarayanan (9th century) 

This scholar from "Kollapuri" (Kollam) in Kerala has written a commentary (Vyaakhhyaanam) of the "Laghu Bhaaskareeyam" 

of Bhaaskaraachaaryan-I, titled "Sankaranaaraayaneeyam". The Granthham is dated 869 AD (ME 44). 

5. Sreepathy (around 1039 AD) 

Sreepathy (Kaasyapa Gothram) has described methods for calculating the "Shadbalam" of the planets and stars. 

Prescribing of consequences should be based on these "Balams". His works include "Aarybhateeya Vyaakhhyaanams" 

such as "Ganitha Thilakam", "Jaathaka Karma Padhhathi" and "Jyothisha Rathna Maala". 

6. Thalakkulathu Bhattathiri (1237 - 1295 AD) 

This Govindan Bhattathiri is believed to have been born in ME 412 in Thalakkulam of Aalathur Graamam, about three 

kilometer south of Tirur. The Illam does not exist anymore. His mother was apparently from Paazhoor. He is said to have left 

Keralam (to Paradesam, possibly Tamil Nadu) and studied the "Ulgranthhams" in Jyothisham under a scholar by name 

Kaanchanoor Aazhvaar, returned and prayed for a dozen years to Vadakkunnathan at Thrissur. 

Bhattathiri's major work is the renowned Jyothisha Granthham "Dasaadhhyaayi". It is a majestic "Vyaakhyaanam" of the first 

ten chapters of the famous 26-chapter "Brihajjaathakam" in the field of Jyothissaasthram, written by Varaahamihiran of 

Avanthi, a sixth century scholar. Bhattathiri felt that the "Aachaaryan" had not covered anything significantly more in the rest 

of the chapters and therefore, left them altogether. There are also other works like "Muhoortha Rathnam" to his credit. 

7. Sooryadevan 

This Namboothiri (Somayaaji) scholar is better known as Sooryadeva Yajwaavu. "Jaathakaalankaaram" is Sooryadevan's 

Vyaakhyaanam for Sreepathy's (No. 5, above) "Jaathaka Karma Padhhathi". His other works include a "Laghu 

Vyaakhhyaanam" (simple explanation) of Aaryabhateeyam, called "Bhataprakaasam", as well as Vyaakhhyaanams for 

Varaahamihiran's "Brihadyaathra" and for Mujjaalakan's "Laghu Maanava Karanam". 

8. Irinjaatappilly Madhavan Namboodiri (1340 - 1425) 

Madhavan of Sangamagraamam, as he is known, holds a position of eminence among the astute astronomers of medieval 

Kerala. He hailed from Sangama Graamam, the modern Irinjalakuda, near the railway station. Madhavan was the treacher 

of Parameswaran, the promulgator of Drigganitha school of Astronomy, and is frequently quoted in the medieval 

astronomical literature of Kerala as Golavith (adept in spherics). 

He is the author of several important treatises on Mathematics and Astronomy. The "Venvaaroham" explaining the method 

for computation of the moon and the moon-sentences, "Aganitham", an extensive treatise on the computation of planets, 

"Golavaadam", "Sphhuta-Chandraapthi", "Madhyama Nayana Prakaaram" are some of his important works. 

Besides these works, a number of stray verses of Madhavan are quoted by later astronomers like Neelakandha Somayaaji, 

Narayanan the commentator of Leelaavathy, Sankaran the commentator of Thanthrasangraham, etc. One of his significant 

contributions is his enunciatiation of formulae for accurate determination of the circumference of a circle and the value of p 

by the method of indeterminate series, a method which was rediscovered in Europe nearly three centuries later by James 

Gregory (1638 - 75 AD), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 - 1716 AD) and Newton (1642, "Principia Mathematicia"). His five 

Paraspara-Nyaaya contains the enunciation for the first time in the world, of the formula for the sine of sum of two angles. 
sine (A + B) = sine A cos B + cos A sine B 
This is known as "Jeeve Paraspara Nyaaya". 

The ideas of Calculus and Trigonometry were developed by him in the middle of the 14th century itself, as can be verified 

by his extensive mathematical and astronomical treatises and quotations by later authors. 

Madhavan deserves, in all respects, to be called the Father of Calculus and Spherical Trigonometry. For a detailed 

appreciation of his contribution, refer to the excellent paper of R G Gupta,"Second Order of Interpolation of Indian 

Mathematics", Ind, J.of Hist. of Sc. 4 (1969) 92-94. 

Again Madhavan provides the power series expansions for sin x and cos x for an arc x correct to 1/3600 of a degree.

9. Vatasseri Parameswaran Namboodiri (1360 - 1455) 

Vatasseri was a great scientist who contributed much to Astronomy and Mathematics. He was from Vatasseri Mana on the 

north bank of river Nila (Bhaarathappuzha) near its mouth in a village called Aalathiyur (Aswathha Graamam). This is near 

the present Tirur of Malappuram district. He was a Rigvedi (Aaswalaayanan) of Bhrigu Gothram. 

"Drigganitham" was his greatest contribution. The seventh century "Parahitha Ganitham" for calculations and projections in 

Astronomy continued its popularity for a few centuries, with some later modifications made by Mujjaalakan, Sreepathy and 

others, for correcting the differences found with actual occurences. But it was Parameswaran who, as a result of over fifty 

years of systematic observations and research on movements of celestial bodies, estimated the error factor and established 

a new method called Drig Sidhham as explained in his popular Drigganitham (ME 606, 1430-31 AD). He suggested the use 

of "Parahitham" for "Paralokahitham" such as Thithhi, Nakshthram, Muhoortham, etc., and his own "Drigganitham" for 

"Ihalokahitham" like "Jaathakam", "Graha Moudhhyam", "Grahanam", etc. Unfortunately, Drigganitham Granthham has not 

been traced so far. 

Yet another of his contribution was a correction to the angle of precision of equinox mentioned by his disciple, Kelalloor 

Somayaaji (vide 15, below) in his "Jyothirmeemaamsa" (ch. 17). The 13 ½° suggested by Mujjaalakan was rectified by him 

to 15°. 

There are numerous works to his credit, apart from Drigganitham. The 3-volume, 302 verse "Gola Deepika" (1443 AD) 

explaining about the stars and earth in very simple terms, "Jaathaka Padhhathy" in 41 verses, "Soorya Sidhhantha 

Vivaranam", "Grahana Mandanam", "Grahanaashtakam", "Vyatheepaathaashtaka Vrththi" in 500 verses or Slokams. (The 

last three are believed by experts to be his works), "Aachaarya Samgraham", "Grahana Nyaaya Deepika", "Chandra-

Chhaayaa-Ganitham", "Vaakya Karmam" and "Vaakya Deepika" are his well-known works. 

He has written superb commentaries such as "Sidhhantha Deepika" on Govindaswamy's Mahaa Bhaaskareeyam; "Karma 

Deepika" or "Bhata Deepika" on Aarya Bhateeyam; "Muhoortha Rathna Vyaakhyaa" on Govindaswamy's Muhoortha 

Rathnam; Leelavathee Vyaakhyaa on the famous mathematical treatise, Leelavathy of Bhaaskaraachaarya-II; "Laghu 

Bhaaskareeya Vyaakhyaa" on Laghu Bhaaskareeyam of Bhaaskaraachaarya-I; "Jaathaka Karma Padhhathee Vyaakhyaa" 

on Sreepathy's 8-chapter work on Jyothisham; the one on "Laghu Maanasam" of Mujjaalakan; "Jaathakaadesa Vyaakhyaa"; 

and "Prasna-Nashta Panchaasikaavrthy" also called "Paarameswari" based on the work of Prathhuyasass, son of 

Varaahamihiran. 

Undoubtedly, there had not been many scholars of his calibre in the annals of history in the realm of Astronomy. 

10. Damodaran Namboodiri 

Damodaran Namboodiri is known for his work "Muhoorthaabharanam". It is believed that he had an ancestor by name 

Yajnan whose brother's son, Kesavan, was a great scholar, and that Damodaran was Kesavan's younger brother. His family 

is said to have belonged to a village near Thriprangod, but it is clear that it was in Taliparamba Graamam. Mazhamangalam 

(Mahishamangalam, vide 17, below) has recognised "Muhoorthaabharanam" as a reference work similar to "Muhoortha 

Rathnam" and other earlier works. 

11. Narayanan Namboodiri 

He has authored "Muhoortha Deepikam". He could be the same Narayanan, one of Vatasseri Parameswaran Namboodiri's 

teachers (Guru), as mentioned by Kelallur Chomaathiri (Neelakandha Somayaaji, 15, below). "Muhoortha Deepikam" is also 

recognised as an authoritative work, by Mazhamangalam (17, below). 


12. Puthumana Somayaaji (Chomaathiri) 

He belonged to Puthumana Illam (Sanskritised as Noothana Graamam) of Chovvaram (Sukapuram) Graamam. He is 

believed to have been a contemporary of Vatasseri Namboodiri, during the 15th century AD. 

His famous works are "Karana Padhhathi" which is a comprehensive treatise on Astronomy in ten chapters completed in the 

year ME 606 (1430-31 AD), the same year as Vatasseri Namboodiri's "Drigganitham"; "Nyaaya Rathnam", an 8-chapter 

Ganitha Granthham; "Jaathakaadesa Maargam"; "Smaartha-Praayaschitham"; "Venvaarohaashtakam"; "Panchabodham"; 

"Grahanaashtakam"; and "Grahana Ganitham". 

To his credit is also an important mathematical equation to calculate the tangent (tan) value of an angle

13. Chennas Narayanan Namboodiripad (mid 15th century) 

He was considered to be an authority in the fields of Vaasthusaastram (Indian Architecture), Mathematics and Tanthram. 

Born in 1428, Chennas Narayanan Namboodiripad authored a book titled "Thanthra Samuchayam" which is still considered 

as the authentic reference manual in the field of temple architecture and rituals. In this Granthham , while elaborating on 

various points of Indian architectural practices, he has dealt with many mathematical principles also. The following are 

noteworthy. 

a) A method of arriving at a circle starting with a square, and successively making it a regular octagon, a regular 16-sided, a 

32-sided, 64-sided polygons, etc. In this method some geometrical steps have been suggested. 
b) Co-ordinate system of fixing points in a plane. 
c) Converting a square to a regular hexagon having approximately equal area. 
d) Finding the width of a regular octagon, given the perimeter. 

14. Ravi Namboodiri 

He is one of the teachers of Kelallur Chomaathiri, and was a scholar in both Astronomy and Vedaantham. His treatise 

"Aachaara Deepika" is on Jyothisham. 

15. Kelallur Neelakandha Somayaaji (1465 - 1545) 

He is one of the foremost astronomers of Kerala and considered an equal to Vatasseri Parameswaran Namboodiri, and 

known popularly as Kelallur Chomaathiri. He was born to Jathavedan and Arya in Kelallur (or Kerala Nallur, Kerala-Sad-

Graamam in Sanskrit) Mana of Thrikkandiyur (Sree Kundapuram in Sanskrit), near Tirur, and belonged to Gaargya 

Gothram, Aaswalaayana Soothram of Rigvedam. Kelallur Mana later became extinct and their properties merged with 

Edamana Mana. They were staunch devotees at Thriprangot Siva temple. 

He is said to be a disciple of one Ravi who taught him Vedaantham and the basics of Astronomy and of Vatasseri 

Damodaran Namboodiri (son of the famous Parameswaran Namboodiri) who trained him in Astronomy and Mathematics. 

According to Ulloor, he lived during 1465 and 1545 (roughly), though according to another version, he was born on June 17, 

1444 on a Wednesday. 

His most important work is "Thanthra Samgraham" (a treatise on Mathematics and Astronomy) in eight chapters with 432 

verses, and apparently written in an unbelievable six days from Meenam 26 of 676 ME to Metam 1 the same year! The lucid 

manner in which difficult concepts are presented, the wealth of quotations, and the results of his personal investigations 

and comparative studies make this work a real masterpiece. Two commentaries on this work, "Yukthi Bhaasha" (in 

Malayalam) by Paarangot Jyeshthhadevan Namboodiri (No. 16 below) and "Yukthi Deepika" by Sankara Varier, themselves 

indicate the importance of the original work. 

Another of his important works is a "Bhaashyam" (commentary) on "Aaryabhateeyam". In his book "Jyorthir Meemaamsa", 

he demonstrates his intellectual and scientific thinking. Some of his other works are "Chandra Chhaayaa Ganitham" 

(calculations relating to moon's shadow), "Sidhhantha Darpanam" (mirror on the laws of Astronomy) and its Vyaakhyaa, 

"Golasaaram" (quintessence of spherical Astronomy), "Grahana Nirnayam", "Grahanaashtakam", "Graha Pareekshaa 

Kramam", and "Sundara Raaja Prasnotharam". He postulated that the ratio of circumference to diameter of a circle could 

never be a rational number. His commentary on Aaryabhateeyam shows that his scholastic abilities extend beyond 

Jyothisham and Vedaantham, to the realms of Meemaamsa, Vyaakaranam and Nyaayam. 

16. Paarangottu Jyeshthhadevan Namboodiri (1500 - 1610) 

He was born in Paaragottu Mana situated near Thrikkandiyur and Aalathur on the banks of river Nila. Vatasseri Damodaran 

Namboodiri was his teacher. He wrote a Malayalam commentary, "Yukthi Bhaasha" for "Thanthra Sangraham" of Kelallur 

Neelakandha Somayaaji. It forms an elaborate and systematic exposition of calculation methods in Mathematics in its first 

part and Astronomy in the second part. The treatment is in a rational and logical manner, and may turn out to be an asset to 

our scientific community, if properly translated and studied. He is also the author of "Drik Karanam", a comprehensive 

treatise in Malayalam on Astronomy, composed in 1603 AD. 

17. Mahishamangalam Narayanan Namboodiri (1540 - 1610) 

He was a member of Mahishamangalam (Mazhamangalam) Mana of Peruvanam in Thrissur district. His father Sankaran 

Namboothiri has written several Granthhams on Astronomy in Malayalam. Renouned scholar Sankara Varier has written a 

commentary "Kriyaakramakari" in Malayalam for the popular Mathematical manual "Leelavathy" (of Bhaskaraachaarya) but 

before commencing the 200th Slokam, he expired. It was Mahishamangalam Narayanan Namboodiri who, at the age of 18, 

took up the challenge of completing it. He was popularly known as "Ganitha Vith" [Maths wizard]. After successfully 

completing "Kriyaakramakari", Narayanan Namboodiri wrote his own commentary "Karmadeepika" for "Leelavathy". "Upa 

Raaga Kriyaa Kramam" was his original work in the related topic. He has authored many Granthhams on subjects other 

than Astronomy, including Smaartha Praayaschitha Vimarsanam, Vyavahaara Mala [ethical code of conduct], 

Mahishamangalam Bhaanam, Uthara Raamaayana Champu, Raasa Kreedaa Kaavyam, Raaja Ratnaavaleeyam [in praise of 

Kerala Varma, Prince of Kochi), Daarikavadham, and Paarvatheesthuthi. 

18. Mathur Nambudiripad 

The Granthham, "Muhoortha Padavi" (the second) is credited to Mathur Nambudiripad, whose name is not known. He has 

condensed the old "Muhoortha Padavi" into an amazingly short version with just 35 Slokams (verses). Since 

Mazhamangalam of mid-sixteenth century AD, in his "Baala Sankaram" has referred to Muhoortha Padavi, it is possible that 

Mathur Nambudiripad lived during the second half of the 15th century AD. Apart from Mazhamangalam's commentary on 

this Granthham, there are: a short one in Sanskrit, "Muhoortha Saranee Deepam" (author unknown); a detailed one in 

Sanskrit, "Varadeepika" by Purayannur Parameswaran Nambudiripad; and yet another one in Malayalam, "Muhoortha 

Bhaasha" by Aazhvaancheri Thampraakkal. 

19. Narayanan Namboodiri 

One Narayanan has written a commentary on Bhaaskaraachaaryan's Leelaavathy, which has been variously referred to as 

"Karmadeepika", "Karmadeepakam" and "Kriyaakramakari". The work is well-focussed and neither too elaborate nor too 

short. 

Another of his works is " Karmasaaram" which discusses "Grahasphhutaanayanam" and other aspects of the Drik tradition. 

It is in four chapters and may have been written during the second half of the 16th century AD. 

20. Chithrabhanu Namboodiri (16th century) 

Born in Chovvara (Sukapuram) Graamam, Chithrabhanu Namboodiri was a mathematician and has written a Granthham 

titled "Eka Vimsathi Prasnothari". It is said that Sankara Varier, another scholar (mentioned earlier) who wrote the 

commentary "Kriyaakramakari" was Chithrabhanu Namboodiri's disciple. Varier has, at several occasions, quoted his master. 

Chithrabhanu Nambudiri's "Eka Vimsathi Prasnothari" gives a method of solving the binomials (A + B), (A - B), (A² + B²), (A³ + B³), (A³ - B³), AB, etc. Given any two of these, the book gives twentyone different ways to solve for A and B. As he is believed to be the master of Sankara Varier, his period could be 16th century. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mathematics
 http://historum.com/asian-history/46685-what-ancients-did-us-ancient-inventions-discoveries.html


The achievements of such and other Kerala mathematicians were, at first, brought to the notice of scholars, both Indian and western, by Charles M Whilsh who presented a paper on the subject before the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 3 (1835) (509 - 523).

Spiritual Composition of Living beings and human

What are human beings comprised of as per spiritual science?
A living person is made up of the following bodies.
  1. The gross body (sthūladēha
  2. The vital body (prāṇa-dēha)
  3. The mental body (manodēha)
  4. The intellect  or causal body (kāraṇdēha)
  5. The subtle ego or supracausal body (mahākāraṇdēha)
  6. The soul or the God Principle in each of us (ātmā)


    The vital energy body

    This is the body also known as the prana-deha. This body provides the vital, life sustaining energy for all the functions of the physical as well as the mental body. There are five types of vital energies or praana:
    • Prāna: Energy for the activity of inhalation.
    • Udāna: Energy for the activity of exhalation and speech.
    • Samāna: Energy for the activity of the stomach and intestines.
    • Vyāna: Energy for voluntary and involuntary movements of the body.
    • Apāna: Energy for urination, excretion, ejaculation, childbirth, etc.
    At the time of death the vital energy is released back into the Universe and also helps in propelling the subtle body in its onward journey.



    The mental body or the mind

    The mental body or the mind is the seat of our feelings, emotions and desires. It carries in it countless number of impressions from this life and previous lives. It is made up of three parts:
    • The conscious mind: It is that part of our thoughts and feelings that we are aware of.
    • The sub-conscious mind: It contains all the impressions required to complete our destiny in our current lifetime. Thoughts from the sub-conscious mind sometimes emerge into the conscious mind from time to time either in response to some external stimulus or at time even without it. For example during the course of one’s day one gets a random and unrelated thought about some vague incident in one’s childhood.
    • The unconscious mind: This is the aspect of our mind that we are completely unaware of. This contains all the impressions that are associated with our accumulated account.
    The sub-conscious mind and unconscious mind together are known as the Chitta.

    http://veda.wikidot.com/chitta
    Sometimes we also refer to an aspect of the mental body as the desires body or vāsanādeha. This is the aspect of the mind that contains all the impressions of desires.
    Please refer to the article on ‘Why we do the things we do’ as well as the e-tutorial of the same name to understand the functional structure of the mind.
    The physical organ associated with the mental body is the brain.


    The intellect

    The causal body or the intellect body is the body which deals with the decision making process and reasoning ability.
    The physical organ associated with the intellect body is the brain.


    The subtle ego

    The subtle ego or the supracausal body is the final vestige of the nescience and is the feeling that we are separate from God.


    The soul

    The soul is the God principle within us and is our true nature. It is the main component of the subtle body which is a fraction of the Supreme God Principle with the qualities of Absolute Truth (Sat), Absolute Consciousness (Chit) and Bliss (Ānand). The soul is unaffected by the ups and downs in life and is in a perpetual state of Bliss. It looks at the ups and downs of life in the Great Illusion (Maya) with an observer stance. The soul is beyond the 3 subtle basic components; however the rest of our consciousness like the physical body and the mental body is made up of it.


    The subtle body

    The subtle body is defined as that part of our being or consciousness that leaves our physical body at the time of physical death. It comprises of the mental body, the causal cody or intellect, the supracausal body or subtle ego and the soul. What is left behind at the time of physical death is our physical body. The vital energy is released back into the Universe.
    The following are some other aspects of the subtle body
    • Subtle sense organs: By subtle sense organs we mean the subtle aspect of our 5 sense organs by which we are able to perceive the subtle realm. For example we are able to perceive a subtle fragrance such as jasmine without their being any stimulus to cause it. Also the fragrance may only be experienced by one person and not by the others in the same room. This is explained in more detail. Also refer to our article on – What is sixth sense?
    • Subtle motor organs: By subtle motor organs we mean the subtle aspect of our physical motor organs such as our arms, tongue, etc. All activity is initiated first in subtle motor organs and then executed in the physical dimension by one’s gross motor organs.


    10. Nescience

    All the other aspects of our being other than the soul are part of the Great Illusion. It is called Nescience or Avidyā which when literally translated means absence of knowledge. The word Nescience stems from the fact that we identify ourselves with our gross body, mind and intellect and not with our true nature which is the soul or the God principle within us.



    Nescience is the root cause of unhappiness. Man gets attached to money, his own house, family, city, country, etc. The greater the attachment to any individual or object, greater is the likelihood of unhappiness arising from attachment. Even an ideal social worker or a Saint may become attached to the society or His devotees respectively. The greatest attachment that each one has is for himself; that is his own mind and body. Even a slight discomfort or illness can make one unhappy; hence everyone should gradually become detached about oneself and accept pain and illness in one’s stride. This is of course with the inherent understanding that happiness and unhappiness in life is experienced primarily due to our destiny. Also that only by identifying with the soul can we experience perpetual Bliss.
    The soul and Nescience together constitute the embodied soul. Nescience for a living person has twenty components in all - the gross body, five subtle sense organs, the five subtle motor organs, the five vital energies, the conscious mind, the subconscious mind, the intellect and the ego. Since the functions of the components of the subtle body go on continuously, the attention of the embodied soul is drawn to them instead of the soul, that is away from spiritual knowledge to Nescience.

Rig Veda Sloka-Science and explanation

The first sloka of rig veda:

अग्निमीळे पुरोहितं यज्ञस्य देवं रत्वीजम |
होतारं रत्नधातमम ||
अग्निः पूर्वेभिर्र्षिभिरीड्यो नूतनैरुत |

स देवानेह वक्षति ||
अग्निना रयिमश्नवत पोषमेव दिवे-दिवे |
यशसं वीरवत्तमम ||
अग्ने यं यज्ञमध्वरं विश्वतः परिभूरसि |
स इद्देवेषु गछति ||
अग्निर्होता कविक्रतुः सत्यश्चित्रश्रवस्तमः |
देवो देवेभिरा गमत ||
यदङग दाशुषे तवमग्ने भद्रं करिष्यसि |
तवेत तत सत्यमङगिरः ||
उप तवाग्ने दिवे-दिवे दोषावस्तर्धिया वयम |
नमो भरन्त एमसि ||
राजन्तमध्वराणां गोपां रतस्य दीदिविम |
वर्धमानंस्वे दमे ||
स नः पितेव सूनवे.अग्ने सूपायनो भव |
सचस्वा नः सवस्तये ||


Religious expansion:

1 I Laud Agni, the chosen Priest, God, minister of sacrifice,
The hotar, lavishest of wealth.
2 Worthy is Agni to be praised by living as by ancient seers.
He shall bring hitherward the Gods.
3 Through Agni man obtaineth wealth, yea, plenty waxing day by day,
Most rich in heroes, glorious.
4 Agni, the perfect sacrifice which thou encompassest about
Verily goeth to the Gods.
5 May Agni, sapient-minded Priest, truthful, most gloriously great,
The God, come hither with the Gods.
6 Whatever blessing, Agni, thou wilt grant unto thy worshipper,
That, Aṅgiras, is indeed thy truth.
7 To thee, dispeller of the night, O Agni, day by day with prayer
Bringing thee reverence, we come
8 Ruler of sacrifices, guard of Law eternal, radiant One,
Increasing in thine own abode.
9 Be to us easy of approach, even as a father to his son:
Agni, be with us for our weal.


Scientific Expansion:

1. The first theorem is a universal principle, laying out the logical sequence and number value of the
result of this theorem. It is the first and most fundamental theorem and its principle is universally
applicable without EXCEPTION.
In Sanskrit :
AGNIMILE PUROHITUM YAJNASYA DEVAMRITVAJAM, HOTARAM
RATNADHATAMAM.
(AGNIMILE)-1 (PUROHITUM )-2 (YAJNASYA)-3
(Through expansion)--1 ( from theorising)-2 (by triggering)-3
(DEVAMRITVAJAM)-4, (HOTARAM)-5 (RATNADHATAMAM)-6
(fundamental space-matter)-4 (extraction of)-5 (extraordinary output)-6

The holistic translation is as follows:
Expanding into a theorem ;
By theoretically triggering the fundamental field of matter in space into expansion, the extraordinary
output of free energy can be obtained.
By inference the triggering process must of necessity be less than that required for an output and
brings in the concept of overunity energy production. Input less than output. It is the realm of the
impossible in current scientific thinking. Is it really impossible ? It depends on our concept of the
universe. If we can accept the fact that the universe always existed and the dynamic state was the
only state, then it is not difficult to see that we are only tapping an infinitesimal amount from an
infinite ocean of energy that already exists and will always exist and therefore HAS to be FREE. In
the vedic treatise space is considered to be matter itself in its most fundamental form and
NOTHING or EMPTINESS does not exist in the absolute sense as these words can be used only
meaningfully in a relative sense. Maharishi Kapila has established the holographic nature of the
Substratum of space through impeccable logic in the Sankhyakarika.
The sloka is a formula . Expansion of a volume involves an increase in the surface area and the
radius is the controlling parameter in a spherical volume which is the predominant shape in a
fundamental matter field. Triggering involves a time aspect that is of a relatively short duration.
Putting these ideas into a mathematical framework we get a formulation giving a numerical result
which is presented in the sloka as a numerical code using the letters of the sanskrit language as
numerical symbols, shown below.
The most astounding part, the answer gives the cubic volume occupied by an expanding sphere of
light or electromagnetic wave in cubic yards per second.
"3 5 5 3 1 2 8 6 1 8 5 1 3 4 5 6 4 8 8 6 2 2 6 9 6 5"
"AG NI MI LE- PU RO HI TH'M - YA JNA AS YA - DE VA MRI TH VA JAM,- HO THA
RAM - RA THNA DHA THA M'M. "
AG NI MI LE PU RO HI TH'M YA JNA AS YA DE VA MRI TH VA JAM, HO THA RAM RA THNA DHA
THA M'M. " [ sloka ]
[number value]
3 5 5 3 1 2 8 6 1 8 5 1 8 4 5 6 4 8 8 6 2 2 6 9 6 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
[ digit number]
The sloka has 6 words and 26 syllables, each with a defined numerical value. The number is accurate
to 25 decimal
Digits. As shown below it forms the expanding rate of a relative cubic volume of space, when it is
triggered into
Expansion by a specific theoretical process. It is cubic yards. Taking only the first 15 digits and
converting it into
Metres / cycle gives as the radial value :: (3.5531286185184564E+25)1/3 x .9144 = 3.00612148 x
108 m/cps
The number of daily cycles in a year at that time was 365.7388. Therefore the additional
Incremental volume in a year was 1/ 365.7388. Using the velocity of light as 299792458
(as measured today) the additional time cycles in terms of light speed is
299792458/ 365.7388 = 8.1969 x 105
Therefore the Vedic value of the number of cycles of unit wavelength is
3.00612148 x 108 - 8.1969 x 105 = 299792458
The value of light speed then is exactly as measured today.
Next the derived value of light speed as number of cycles of unit wavelength
using the principle of simultaneity (which is self-similar and scale invariant
In confined spaces) gives :
Y = 2 / ((1+22)1/2 – 2)/2 = 8.4721 and 108.4721 = 296575967
Taking the log (10) ratio of difference between measured and derived value as
Log[299792458 / 296575967] =4.6847 x 10-3
The ratio of the Solar Radius to the Earths orbital radius is
6.986 x 108 / 1.4912 x 1011 = 4.6847 x 10-3
This is identical to the Vedic calculation. The Vedic concept
of the Field of space was different from current views in physics.
The field in space YIELDS FREE ENERGY WHEN IT’S SYNCHRONISED
AND COHERENT STATE IS UPSET SUDDENLY BY A TRIGGERING FORCE

Monday, June 29, 2015

Sun Clock -1400 years ago in India


Sun Dial, a historical instrument shown in photo is the 1,400-year-old sun clock mounted on the 35-feet-high inner wall of Sivayoginathar temple at Thiruvisainallur, some 12 km from Kumbakonamin Thanjavur district. It is the only ‘wall clock’ in Tamil Nadu in the real sense of the term.The temple authorities have decided to refurbish the historic legacy which stands testimony to the infinite wisdom and scientific temper of the Chola kings.
The wall clock built during Parantaka Cholan’s rule does not require battery or electricity. Carved out of granite and shaped like a semi-circle, all it has is a three inch-long brass needle permanently fixed at the centre of a horizontal line. As the sun casts its rays on the needle, the shadow of the needle indicates the right time. The people, mostly the devotees coming to the temple, deciphered the time of the day by watching the silhouette cast by the needle of the sun clock from six am to six pm, and perhaps planned their day accordingly.British have added numerals while repainting the centuries old sun clock for easy reference.
Expectedly,time has taken its toll on the sun clock at the sixth-century temple. The clock will work as long as the sun shines because of its unique working principle. But due to brass discoloration, the needle is getting blurred on the granite surface.

Friday, June 5, 2015

Aero plane part 3- viman shastra

प्राचीन विमानों की दो श्रेणिया इस प्रकार थीः-

मानव निर्मित विमान, जो आधुनिक विमानों की तरह पंखों के सहायता से उडान भरते थे।
महर्षि भारद्वाज के शब्दों में पक्षियों की भान्ती उडने के कारण वायुयान को विमान कहते हैं। वेगसाम्याद विमानोण्डजानामिति ।।
विमानों के प्रकार:- शकत्युदगमविमान अर्थात विद्युत से चलने वाला विमान, धूम्रयान(धुँआ,वाष्प आदि से चलने वाला), अशुवाहविमान(सूर्य किरणों से चलने वाला), शिखोदभगविमान(पारे से चलने वाला), तारामुखविमान(चुम्बक शक्ति से चलने वाला), मरूत्सखविमान(गैस इत्यादि से चलने वाला), भूतवाहविमान(जल,अग्नि तथा वायु से चलने वाला)।

आश्चर्य जनक विमान, जो मानव निर्मित नहीं थे किन्तु उन का आकार प्रकार आधुनिक ‘उडन तशतरियों’ के अनुरूप है।

विमान विकास के प्राचीन ग्रन्थ

भारतीय उल्लेख प्राचीन संस्कृत भाषा में सैंकडों की संख्या में उपलब्द्ध हैं, किन्तु खेद का विषय है कि उन्हें अभी तक किसी आधुनिक भाषा में अनुवादित ही नहीं किया गया। प्राचीन भारतीयों ने जिन विमानों का अविष्कार किया था उन्हों
ने विमानों की संचलन प्रणाली तथा उन की देख भाल सम्बन्धी निर्देश भी संकलित किये थे, जो आज भी उपलब्द्ध हैं और उन में से कुछ का अंग्रेजी में अनुवाद भी किया जा चुका है। विमान विज्ञान विषय पर कुछ मुख्य प्राचीन ग्रन्थों का ब्योरा इस प्रकार हैः-

1. ऋगवेद- इस आदि ग्रन्थ में कम से कम 200 बार विमानों के बारे में उल्लेख है। उन में तिमंजिला, त्रिभुज आकार के, तथा तिपहिये विमानों का उल्लेख है जिन्हे अश्विनों (वैज्ञिानिकों) ने बनाया था। उन में साधारणत्या तीन यात्री जा सकते थे। विमानों के निर्माण के लिये स्वर्ण, रजत तथा लोह धातु का प्रयोग किया गया था तथा उन के दोनो ओर पंख होते थे। वेदों में विमानों के कई आकार-प्रकार उल्लेखित किये गये हैं। अहनिहोत्र विमान के दो ईंजन तथा हस्तः विमान (हाथी की शक्ल का विमान) में दो से अधिक ईंजन होते थे। एक अन्य विमान का रुप किंग-फिशर पक्षी के अनुरूप था। इसी प्रकार कई अन्य जीवों के रूप वाले विमान थे। इस में कोई सन्देह नहीं कि बीसवीं सदी की तरह पहले भी मानवों ने उड़ने की प्रेरणा पक्षियों से ही ली होगी। याता-यात के लिये ऋग वेद में जिन विमानों का उल्लेख है वह इस प्रकार है-

जल-यान – यह वायु तथा जल दोनो तलों में चल सकता है। (ऋग वेद 6.58.3)
कारा – यह भी वायु तथा जल दोनो तलों में चल सकता है। (ऋग वेद 9.14.1)
त्रिताला – इस विमान का आकार तिमंजिला है। (ऋग वेद 3.14.1)
त्रिचक्र रथ – यह तिपहिया विमान आकाश में उड सकता है। (ऋग वेद 4.36.1)
वायु रथ – रथ की शकल का यह विमान गैस अथवा वायु की शक्ति से चलता है। (ऋग वेद 5.41.6)
विद्युत रथ – इस प्रकार का रथ विमान विद्युत की शक्ति से चलता है। (ऋग वेद 3.14.1).
2. यजुर्वेद में भी ऐक अन्य विमान का तथा उन की संचलन प्रणाली उल्लेख है जिस का निर्माण जुडवा अशविन कुमार करते हैं ,

3. विमानिका शास्त्र –1875 ईसवी में भारत के ऐक मन्दिर में विमानिका शास्त्र ग्रंथ की ऐक प्रति मिली थी। इस ग्रन्थ को ईसा से 400 वर्ष पूर्व का बताया जाता है तथा ऋषि भारदूाज रचित माना जाता है। इस का अनुवाद अंग्रेज़ी भाषा में हो चुका है। इसी ग्रंथ में पूर्व के 97 अन्य विमानाचार्यों का वर्णन है तथा 20 ऐसी कृतियों का वर्णन है जो विमानों के आकार प्रकार के बारे में विस्तरित जानकारी देते हैं। खेद का विषय है कि इन में से कई अमूल्य कृतियाँ अब लुप्त हो चुकी हैं। इन ग्रन्थों के विषय इस प्रकार थेः-

विमान के संचलन के बारे में जानकारी, उडान के समय सुरक्षा सम्बन्धी जानकारी, तुफान तथा बिजली के आघात से विमान की सुरक्षा के उपाय, आवश्यक्ता पडने पर साधारण ईंधन के बदले सौर ऊर्जा पर विमान को चलाना आदि। इस से यह तथ्य भी स्पष्ट होता है कि इस विमान में ‘एन्टी ग्रेविटी’ क्षेत्र की यात्रा की क्षमता भी थी।
विमानिका शास्त्र में सौर ऊर्जा के माध्यम से विमान को उडाने के अतिरिक्त ऊर्जा को संचित रखने का विधान भी बताया गया है। ऐक विशेष प्रकार के शीशे की आठ नलियों में सौर ऊर्जा को एकत्रित किया जाता था जिस के विधान की पूरी जानकारी लिखित है किन्तु इस में से कई भाग अभी ठीक तरह से समझे नहीं गये हैं।
इस ग्रन्थ के आठ भाग हैं जिन में विस्तरित मानचित्रों से विमानों की बनावट के अतिरिक्त विमानों को अग्नि तथा टूटने से बचाव के तरीके भी लिखित हैं।
ग्रन्थ में 31 उपकरणों का वर्तान्त है तथा 16 धातुओं का उल्लेख है जो विमान निर्माण में प्रयोग की जाती हैं जो विमानों के निर्माण के लिये उपयुक्त मानी गयीं हैं क्यों कि वह सभी धातुयें गर्मी सहन करने की क्षमता रखती हैं और भार में हल्की हैं।
4. यन्त्र सर्वस्वः – यह ग्रन्थ भी ऋषि भारदूाजरचित है। इस के 40 भाग हैं जिन में से एक भाग ‘विमानिका प्रकरण’के आठ अध्याय, लगभग 100 विषय और 500 सूत्र हैं जिन में विमान विज्ञान का उल्लेख है। इस ग्रन्थ में ऋषि भारदूाजने विमानों को तीन श्रेऩियों में विभाजित किया हैः-

अन्तरदेशीय – जो ऐक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान पर जाते हैं।
अन्तरराष्ट्रीय – जो ऐक देश से दूसरे देश को जाते
अन्तीर्क्षय – जो ऐक ग्रह से दूसरे ग्रह तक जाते
इन में सें अति-उल्लेखलीय सैनिक विमान थे जिन की विशेषतायें विस्तार पूर्वक लिखी गयी हैं और वह अति-आधुनिक साईंस फिक्शन लेखक को भी आश्चर्य चकित कर सकती हैं। उदाहरणार्थ सैनिक विमानों की विशेषतायें इस प्रकार की थीं-

पूर्णत्या अटूट, अग्नि से पूर्णत्या सुरक्षित, तथा आवश्यक्ता पडने पर पलक झपकने मात्र समय के अन्दर ही ऐक दम से स्थिर हो जाने में सक्ष्म।
शत्रु से अदृष्य हो जाने की क्षमता।
शत्रुओं के विमानों में होने वाले वार्तालाप तथा अन्य ध्वनियों को सुनने में सक्ष्म। शत्रु के विमान के भीतर से आने वाली आवाजों को तथा वहाँ के दृष्यों को रिकार्ड कर लेने की क्षमता।
शत्रु के विमान की दिशा तथा दशा का अनुमान लगाना और उस पर निगरानी रखना।
शत्रु के विमान के चालकों तथा यात्रियों को दीर्घ काल के लिये स्तब्द्ध कर देने की क्षमता।
निजि रुकावटों तथा स्तब्द्धता की दशा से उबरने की क्षमता।
आवश्यक्ता पडने पर स्वयं को नष्ट कर सकने की क्षमता।
चालकों तथा यात्रियों में मौसमानुसार अपने आप को बदल लेने की क्षमता।
स्वचालित तापमान नियन्त्रण करने की क्षमता।
हल्के तथा उष्णता ग्रहण कर सकने वाले धातुओं से निर्मित तथा आपने आकार को छोटा बडा करने, तथा अपने चलने की आवाजों को पूर्णत्या नियन्त्रित कर सकने में सक्ष्म।
विचार करने योग्य तथ्य है कि इस प्रकार का विमान अमेरिका के अति आधुनिक स्टेल्थ फाईटर और उडन तशतरी का मिश्रण ही हो सकता है। ऋषि भारदूाजकोई आधुनिक ‘फिक्शन राईटर’ नहीं थे परन्तुऐसे विमान की परिकल्पना करना ही आधुनिक बुद्धिजीवियों को चकित कर सकता है कि भारत के ऋषियों ने इस प्रकार के वैज्ञिानक माडल का विचार कैसे किया। उन्हों ने अंतरीक्ष जगत और अति-आधुनिक विमानों के बारे में लिखा जब कि विश्व के अन्य देश साधारण खेती बाडी का ज्ञान भी पूर्णत्या हासिल नहीं कर पाये थे।

5. समरांगनः सुत्रधारा – य़ह ग्रन्थ विमानों तथा उन से सम्बन्धित सभी विषयों के बारे में जानकारी देता है।इस के 230 पद्य विमानों के निर्माण, उडान, गति, सामान्य तथा आकस्माक उतरान एवम पक्षियों की दुर्घटनाओं के बारे में भी उल्लेख करते हैं।

लगभग सभी वैदिक ग्रन्थों में विमानों की बनावट त्रिभुज आकार की दिखायी गयी है। किन्तु इन ग्रन्थों में दिया गया आकार प्रकार पूर्णत्या स्पष्ट और सूक्ष्म है। कठिनाई केवल धातुओं को पहचानने में आती है।

समरांगनः सुत्रधारा के आनुसार सर्व प्रथम पाँच प्रकार के विमानों का निर्माण ब्रह्मा, विष्णु, यम, कुबेर तथा इन्द्र के लिये किया गया था। पश्चात अतिरिक्त विमान बनाये गये। चार मुख्य श्रेणियों का ब्योरा इस प्रकार हैः-

रुकमा – रुकमानौकीले आकार के और स्वर्ण रंग के थे।
सुन्दरः –सुन्दर राकेट की शक्ल तथा रजत युक्त थे।
त्रिपुरः –त्रिपुर तीन तल वाले थे।
शकुनः – शकुनः का आकार पक्षी के जैसा था।
दस अध्याय संलगित विषयों पर लिखे गये हैं जैसे कि विमान चालकों का परिशिक्षण, उडान के मार्ग, विमानों के कल-पुरज़े, उपकरण, चालकों एवम यात्रियों के परिधान तथा लम्बी विमान यात्रा के समय भोजन किस प्रकार का होना चाहिये।

ग्रन्थ में धातुओं को साफ करने की विधि, उस के लिये प्रयोग करने वाले द्रव्य, अम्ल जैसे कि नींबु अथवा सेब या कोई अन्य रसायन, विमान में प्रयोग किये जाने वाले तेल तथा तापमान आदि के विषयों पर भी लिखा गया है।

सात प्रकार के ईजनों का वर्णन किया गया है तथा उन का किस विशिष्ट उद्देष्य के लिये प्रयोग करना चाहिये तथा कितनी ऊचाई पर उस का प्रयोग सफल और उत्तम होगा। सारांश यह कि प्रत्येक विषय पर तकनीकी और प्रयोगात्मक जानकारी उपलब्द्ध है। विमान आधुनिक हेलीकोपटरों की तरह सीधे ऊची उडान भरने तथा उतरने के लिये, आगे पीछ तथा तिरछा चलने में भी सक्ष्म बताये गये हैं

6. कथा सरित-सागर – यह ग्रन्थ उच्च कोटि के श्रमिकों का उल्लेख करता है जैसे कि काष्ठ का काम करने वाले जिन्हें राज्यधर और प्राणधर कहा जाता था। यह समुद्र पार करने के लिये भी रथों का निर्माण करते थे तथा एक सहस्त्र यात्रियों को ले कर उडने वालो विमानों को बना सकते थे। यह रथ-विमान मन की गति के समान चलते थे।

कोटिल्लय के अर्थ शास्त्र में अन्य कारीगरों के अतिरिक्त सोविकाओं का उल्लेख है जो विमानों को आकाश में उडाते थे । कोटिल्लय ने उन के लिये विशिष्ट शब्द आकाश युद्धिनाह का प्रयोग किया है जिस का अर्थ है आकाश में युद्ध करने वाला (फाईटर-पायलेट) आकाश रथ, चाहे वह किसी भी आकार के हों का उल्लेख सम्राट अशोक के आलेखों में भी किया गया है जो उस के काल 256-237 ईसा पूर्व में लगाये गये थे।

उपरोक्त तथ्यों को केवल कोरी कल्पना कह कर नकारा नहीं जा सकता क्यों कल्पना को भी आधार के लिये किसी ठोस धरातल की जरूरत होती है। क्या विश्व में अन्य किसी देश के साहित्य में इस विषयों पर प्राचीन ग्रंथ हैं ? आज तकनीक ने भारत की उन्हीं प्राचीन ‘ज्ञान’ को हमारे सामने पुनः साकार कर के दिखाया है, मगर विदेशों में या तो परियों और ‘ऐंजिलों’ को बाहों पर उगे पंखों के सहारे से उडते दिखाया जाता रहा है या किसी सिंदबाद को कोई बाज उठा कर ले जाता है, तो कोई ‘गुलफाम’ उडने वाले घोडे पर सवार हो कर किसी ‘सब्ज परी’ को किसी जिन्न के उडते हुये कालीन से नीचे उतार कर बचा लेता है और फिर ऊँट पर बैठा कर रेगिस्तान में बने महल में वापिस छोड देता है। इन्हें विज्ञानं नहीं, ‘फैंटेसी’ कहते हैं।

Aero plane invention - part 2WRIGHT BROTHERS vs Pt.SHIVKAR BAPUJI TALPADE

संस्कृति- Aeroplane Invention Part – 3

WRIGHT BROTHERS  vs Pt.SHIVKAR BAPUJI TALPADE

आज राइट बंधु को हवाई जहाज के आविष्कार के लिए श्रेय दिया जाता है क्योंकि उन्होंने 17 दिसम्बर 1903 हवाई जहाज उड़ाने का प्रदर्शन किया था। किन्तु बहुत कम लोगों को इस बात की जानकारी है कि उससे लगभग 8 वर्ष पहले सन् 1895 में संस्कृत के प्रकाण्ड पण्डित शिवकर बापूजी तलपदे ने “मारुतसखा” या “मारुतशक्त ” नामक विमान का सफलतापूर्व क निर्माण कर लिया था, जो कि पूर्णतः वैदिक तकनीकी पर आधारित था। पुणे केसरी नामक समाचारपत्र के अनुसार श्री तलपदे ने सन् 1895 में एक दिन (दुर्भाग्य से से सही दिनांक की जानकारी नहीं है) बंबई वर्तमान (मुंबई) के चौपाटी समुद्रतट में उपस्थित कई जिज्ञासु व्यक्तियों ( जिनमें अनेक भारतीय न्यायविद्/ राष्ट्रवादी सर्वसाधारण जन के साथ ही महादेव गोविंद रानाडे और बड़ौदा के महाराज सायाजी राव गायकवाड़ जैसे विशिष्टजन सम्मिलित थे ) के समक्ष अपने द्वारा निर्मित “चालकविहीन ” विमान “मारुतशक्त ि” के उड़ान का प्रदर्शन किया था। वहाँ उपस्थित समस्त जन यह देखकर आश्चर्यचकि त रह गए कि टेक ऑफ करने के बाद “मारुतशक्त ि” आकाश में लगभग 1500 फुट की ऊँचाई पर चक्कर लगाने लगा था। कुछ देर आकाश में चक्कर लगाने के के पश्चात् वह विमान धरती पर गिर पड़ा था। यहाँ पर यह बताना अनुचित नहीं होगा कि राइट बंधु ने जब पहली बार अपने हवाई जहाज को उड़ाया था तो वह आकाश में मात्र 120 फुट ऊँचाई तक ही जा पाया था जबकि श्री तलपदे का विमान 1500 फुट की ऊँचाई तक पहुँचा था। दुःख की बात तो यह है कि इस घटना के विषय में विश्व की समस्त प्रमुख वैज्ञानिको ं और वैज्ञानिक संस्थाओं/संगठनों पूरी पूरी जानकारी होने के बावजूद भी आधुनिक हवाई जहाज के प्रथमनिर्माण का श्रय राईट बंधुओं को दियाजाना बदस्तूर जारी है और हमारे देश की सरकार ने कभी भी इस विषय में आवश्यक संशोधन करने/ करवाने के लिए कहीं आवाज नहीं उठाई . (हम सदा सन्तोषी और आत्ममुग्ध लोग जो है!)। कहा तो यह भी जाता है कि संस्कृत के प्रकाण्ड पण्डित एवं वैज्ञानिक तलपदे जी की यहसफलता भारत के तत्कालीन ब्रिटिश शासकों को फूटी आँख भी नहीं सुहाई थी और उन्होंने बड़ोदा के महाराज श्री गायकवाड़, जो कि श्री तलपदे के प्रयोगों के लिए आर्थिक सहायता किया करते थे, पर दबाव डालकर श्री तलपदे केप्रयोगों को अवरोधित कर दिया था। महाराज गायकवाड़ की सहायता बन्द हो जाने पर अपने प्रयोगों को जारी रखने के लिए श्री तलपदे एक प्रकार से कर्ज में डूब गए। इसी बीच दुर्भाग्य से उनकी विदुषी पत्नी, जो कि उनके प्रयोगों में उनकी सहायक होने के साथही साथ उनकी प्रेरणा भी थीं, का देहावसान हो गया और अन्ततः सन् 1916या 1917 में श्री तलपदे का भी स्वर्गवास हो गया। बताया जाता है कि श्री तलपदे के स्वर्गवास हो जाने के बाद उनके उत्तराधिका रियों ने कर्ज सेमुक्ति प्राप्त करने के उद्देश्य से “मारुतशक्त ि” के अवशेष को उसके तकनीकसहित किसी विदेशी संस्थान को बेच दिया था। श्री तलपदे का जन्म सन् 1864 में हुआ था। बाल्यकाल से ही उन्हें संस्कृत ग्रंथों, विशेषतः महर्षि भरद्वाज रचित “वैमानिक शास्त्र” (Aeronauti cal Science) में अत्यन्त रुचि रही थी। वे संस्कृतके प्रकाण्ड पण्डित थे। पश्चिम के एकप्रख्यात भारतविद् स्टीफन नैप (Stephen-K napp) श्री तलपदे के प्रयोगों को अत्यन्त महत्वपूर्ण मानते हैं। एक अन्य विद्वान श्री रत्नाकर महाजन ने श्री तलपदे के प्रयोगों पर आधारित एक पुस्तिका भी लिखी हैं। श्री तलपदे का संस्कृत अध्ययन अत्यन्त ही विस्तृत था और उनके विमान सम्बन्धित प्रयोगों के आधार निम्न ग्रंथ थेः * महर्षि भरद्वाज रचित् वृहत् वैमानिक शास्त्र * आचार्य नारायण मुन रचित विमानचन्द् रिका * महर्षि शौनिक रचित विमान यन्त्र * महर्षि गर्ग मुनि रचित यन्त्र कल्प * आचार्य वाचस्पति रचित विमान बिन्दु * महर्षि ढुण्डिराज रचित विमान ज्ञानार्क प्रकाशिका स्वामी दयानंद द्वारा वेदों में विज्ञान की अवधारणा को साक्षात् रूप से दर्शन करवाने वाले श्री तलपडे पहले व्यक्ति थे .हमारे प्राचीन ग्रंथ ज्ञान के अथाह सागर हैं किन्तु वे ग्रंथ अब लुप्तप्राय -से हो गए हैं। यदि कुछ ग्रंथ कहीं उपलब्ध भी हैं तो उनका किसी प्रकार का उपयोग ही नहीं रह गया है क्योंकि हमारी दूषित शिक्षानीति हमें अपने स्वयं की भाषा एवं संस्कृति को हेय तथा पाश्चात्य भाषा एवं संस्कृति को श्रेष्ठ समझना ही सिखाती है।

Thursday, June 4, 2015

विमान शास्त् - levitation theory

संस्कृति – विमानशास्त्र – The Lavitation Theory Part- 1





विज्ञान प्रसार (वि.प्र.) विज्ञान एवं प्रौद्योगिकी विभाग, भारत सरकार की 

रिपोर्ट
New Evidence of Ancient Indian Science Of Space Travel Source:

Conspiracy Journal#205 April 11, 2003

कुछ सालों पहले चीन पुरातत्त्व सरकार ने ल्हासा तथा तिब्बत में 

संस्कृत दस्तावेजों की खोज की है और उन्हें अनुवाद करने के लिए 

University of Chandigarh भेजा गया है।

इस विश्वविध्यालय की Dr. Ruth Reyna ने बताया कि इन दस्तावेजों 

में विमान का अंतरतारकीय माध्यम के निर्माण करने की बिधि दी है।

अंतरखगोलीय माध्यम या अंतरतारकीय माध्यम हाइड्रोजन और 

हिलीयम के कणों का मिश्रण होता है जो अत्यंत कम घनत्व की स्थिती 

मे सारे ब्रह्मांड मे फैला हुआ रहता है।

अंग्रेज़ी में “अंतरतारकीय” को “इन्टरस्टॅलर” (interstellar) और 

“अंतरतारकीय माध्यम” को “इन्टरस्टॅलर मीडयम” (interstellar 

medium) कहते हैं।

उन्होंने आगे बताया विमान को संचालित करने के लिए गुरुत्वाकर्षण 

विरोधी (anti-gravitational) शक्ति की आवश्यकता होती है और anti-

gravitational की प्रणाली “laghima” शक्ति प्रणाली अनुरूप होती है।

“laghima” की संस्कृत में सिद्धि कहते है और इंग्लिश में levitation 

कहा जाता है। levitation की शक्ति को आप इस विडियो में देख सकते 

हैं जो की anti-gravitational होती है।

यही अंतरतारकीय माध्यम (interstellar medium) विमान के अन्दर 

levitation power को activate करता है और विमान ऊपर की ओर 

उठता है।

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnLj8DMqaC8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedd

ed&v=tW6pVFOpE6Q#!

http://www.virtualsynapses.com/2010/09/power-of-

levitation-laghima.html#.URjNix04uIA

जैसा की हम अपने ग्रंथो में देखते हैं कि भगवन, ऋषि तथा कई देवता 

वायु मार्ग द्वारा आते थे। ये वही anti-gravitational वाली levitation 

शक्ति का प्रयोग करते थे।

इसी levitation शक्ति (विमानों के लिए) का वर्णन और प्रणाली, चीन 

को उन दस्तावोजों में मिली है। जिसका अनुवाद किया जा रहा है।

levitation power कोई तंत्र विद्या द्वारा नहीं की जाती है। यह एक 

ब्रह्मांडीय शक्ति है। जिसको करने के लिए तप और कई नियमों का पालन 

करना पड़ता है।

http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/comcom/vimana.htm

।। जयतु संस्कृतम् । जयतु भारतम्


Speed of light per Vedas

Speed of Light is calculated in Vedas more accurately than Einstein did

Speed of Light is calculated in Vedas more accurately than Einstein did

Ancient Vedic science “Nimisharda” is a phrase used in Indian languages of Sanskrit origin while referring to something that happens/moves instantly, similar to the ‘blink of an eye’. Nimisharda means half of a Nimesa, (Ardha is half).

In Sanskrit ‘Nimisha’ means ‘blink of an eye’ and Nimisharda implies within the blink of an eye. This phrase is commonly used to refer to instantaneous events.

Below is the mathematical calculations of a research done by S S De and P V Vartak on the speed of light calculated using the Rigvedic hymns and commentaries on them.

The fourth verse of the Rigvedic hymn 1:50 (50th hymn in book 1 of rigveda) is as follows:
तरणिर्विश्वदर्शतो जयोतिष्क्र्दसि सूर्य | विश्वमा भासिरोचनम |
taraNir vishvadarshato jyotishkrdasi surya | vishvamaa bhaasirochanam ||

which means:
“Swift and all beautiful art thou, O Surya (Surya=Sun), maker of the light, Illumining all the radiant realm.”

Commenting on this verse in his Rigvedic commentary, Sayana who was a minister in the court of Bukka of the great Vijayanagar Empire of Karnataka in South India (in early 14th century) says:
” tatha ca smaryate yojananam. sahasre dve dve sate dve ca yojane ekena nimishardhena kramaman.” which means “It is remembered here that Sun (light) traverses 2,202 yojanas in half a nimisha”
NOTE: Nimisharda= half of a nimisha.

In the vedas Yojana is a unit of distance and Nimisha is a unit of time.
Unit of Time: Nimesa.
The Moksha dharma parva of Shanti Parva in Mahabharata describes Nimisha as follows: 15 Nimisha = 1 Kastha.

30 Kashta = 1 Kala,
30.3 Kala = 1 Muhurta,
30 Muhurtas = 1 Diva-Ratri (Day-Night),
We know Day-Night is 24 hours So we get 24 hours = 30 x 30.3 x 30 x 15 nimisha, in other words 409050 nimisha.

We know 1 hour = 60 x 60 = 3600 seconds.
So 24 hours = 24 x 3600 seconds = 409050 nimisha.
409050 nimesa = 86,400 seconds,
1 nimesa = 0.2112 seconds (This is a recursive decimal! Wink of an eye=.2112 seconds!).
1/2 nimesa = 0.1056 seconds.

Unit of Distance:
Yojana Yojana is defined in Chapter 6 of Book 1 of the ancient vedic text “Vishnu Purana” as follows:-
10 ParamAnus = 1 Parasúkshma,
10 Parasúkshmas = 1 Trasarenu,
10 Trasarenus = 1 Mahírajas (particle of dust),
10 Mahírajas= 1 Bálágra (hair’s point),
10 Bálágra = 1 Likhsha,
10 Likhsha= 1 Yuka,
10 Yukas = 1 Yavodara (heart of barley),
10 Yavodaras = 1 Yava (barley grain of middle size),
10 Yava = 1 Angula (1.89 cm or approx 3/4 inch),
6 fingers = 1 Pada (the breadth of it),
2 Padas = 1 Vitasti (span),
2 Vitasti = 1 Hasta (cubit),
4 Hastas = a Dhanu,
1 Danda, or paurusa (a man’s height),
or 2 Nárikás = 6 feet,
2000 Dhanus = 1 Gavyuti (distance to which a cow’s call or lowing can be heard) = 12000 feet 4 Gavyutis = 1 Yojana = 9.09 miles

Calculation: So now we can calculate what is the value of the speed of light in modern units based on the value given as 2202 Yojanas in 1/2 Nimesa = 2202 x 9.09 miles per 0.1056 seconds = 20016.18 miles per 0.1056 seconds = 189547 miles per second !!

As per the modern science speed of light is 186000 miles per second ! And so I without the slightest doubt attribute the slight difference between the two values to our error in accurately translating from Vedic units to SI/CGS units. Note that we have approximated 1 Angula as exactly 3/4 inch. While the approximation is true, the Angula is not exactly 3/4 inch.