Wednesday, February 3, 2016

Ancient Indian Mathematics. Part 1

Ancient Indian Mathematics.
Important facts the world should know about Indian Mathematics. This is a long article, it clearly explains the great achievements of Indian mathematicians ,and therefore of the accomplishments on the advancement of science and technology. Part One.
It has been suggested that Indian contributions to mathematics have not been given due acknowledgement in modern history and that many discoveries and inventions by Indian mathematicians are presently culturally attributed to their Western counterparts, as a result of Eurocentrism. According to G. G. Joseph's take on "Ethnomathematics":
[Their work] takes on board some of the objections raised about the classical Eurocentric trajectory. The awareness [of Indian and Arabic mathematics] is all too likely to be tempered with dismissive rejections of their importance compared to Greek mathematics. The contributions from other civilisations – most notably China and India, are perceived either as borrowers from Greek sources or having made only minor contributions to mainstream mathematical development. An openness to more recent research findings, especially in the case of Indian and Chinese mathematics, is sadly missing"
The historian of mathematics, Florian Cajori, suggested that he and others "suspect that Diophantus got his first glimpse of algebraic knowledge from India." However, he also wrote that "it is certain that portions of Hindu mathematics are of Greek origin".
More recently, as discussed in the above section, the infinite series of calculus for trigonometric functions (rediscovered by Gregory, Taylor, and Maclaurin in the late 17th century) were described (with proofs) in India, by mathematicians of the Kerala school, remarkably some two centuries earlier. Some scholars have recently suggested that knowledge of these results might have been transmitted to Europe through the trade route from Kerala by traders and Jesuit missionaries. Kerala was in continuous contact with China and Arabia, and, from around 1500, with Europe. The existence of communication routes and a suitable chronology certainly make such a transmission a possibility. However, there is no direct evidence by way of relevant manuscripts that such a transmission actually took place. According to David Bressoud, "there is no evidence that the Indian work of series was known beyond India, or even outside of Kerala, until the nineteenth century."
Both Arab and Indian scholars made discoveries before the 17th century that are now considered a part of calculus. However, they were not able, as Newton and Leibniz were, to "combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral, show the connection between the two, and turn calculus into the great problem-solving tool we have today." The intellectual careers of both Newton and Leibniz are well-documented and there is no indication of their work not being their own; however, it is not known with certainty whether the immediate predecessors of Newton and Leibniz, "including, in particular, Fermat and Roberval, learned of some of the ideas of the Islamic and Indian mathematicians through sources we are not now aware." This is an active area of current research, especially in the manuscripts collections of Spain and Maghreb, research that is now being pursued, among other places, at the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique in Paris.
Indian mathematics emerged in the Indian subcontinent from 1200 BCE until the end of the 18th century. In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 CE to 1600 CE), important contributions were made by scholars like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Mahāvīra, Bhaskara II, Madhava of Sangamagrama and Nilakantha Somayaji. The decimal number system in use today was first recorded in Indian mathematics. Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of zero as a number, negative numbers, arithmetic, and algebra. In addition, trigonometry was further advanced in India, and, in particular, the modern definitions of sine and cosine were developed there. These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the Middle East, China, and Europe and led to further developments that now form the foundations of many areas of mathematics.
Ancient and medieval Indian mathematical works, all composed in Sanskrit, usually consisted of a section of sutras in which a set of rules or problems were stated with great economy in verse in order to aid memorization by a student. This was followed by a second section consisting of a prose commentary (sometimes multiple commentaries by different scholars) that explained the problem in more detail and provided justification for the solution. In the prose section, the form (and therefore its memorization) was not considered so important as the ideas involved. All mathematical works were orally transmitted until approximately 500 BCE; thereafter, they were transmitted both orally and in manuscript form. The oldest extant mathematical document produced on the Indian subcontinent is the birch bark Bakhshali Manuscript, discovered in 1881 in the village of Bakhshali, near Peshawar (modern day Pakistan) and is likely from the 7th century CE.
A later landmark in Indian mathematics was the development of the series expansions for trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, and arc tangent) by mathematicians of the Kerala school in the 15th century CE. Their remarkable work, completed two centuries before the invention of calculus in Europe, provided what is now considered the first example of a power series (apart from geometric series). However, they did not formulate a systematic theory of differentiation and integration, nor is there any direct evidence of their results being transmitted outside Kerala.
Excavations at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and other sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation have uncovered evidence of the use of "practical mathematics". The people of the IVC manufactured bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favourable for the stability of a brick structure. They used a standardised system of weights based on the ratios: 1/20, 1/10, 1/5, 1/2, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500, with the unit weight equaling approximately 28 grams (and approximately equal to the English ounce or Greek uncia). They mass-produced weights in regular geometrical shapes, which included hexahedra, barrels, cones, and cylinders, thereby demonstrating knowledge of basic geometry.
The inhabitants of Indus civilisation also tried to standardise measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy. They designed a ruler—the Mohenjo-daro ruler—whose unit of length (approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres) was divided into ten equal parts. Bricks manufactured in ancient Mohenjo-daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this unit of length
Samhitas and Brahmanas[edit]
The religious texts of the Vedic Period provide evidence for the use of large numbers. By the time of the Yajurvedasaṃhitā- (1200–900 BCE), numbers as high as 1012 were being included in the texts.[2] For example, the mantra (sacrificial formula) at the end of the annahoma ("food-oblation rite") performed during the aśvamedha, and uttered just before-, during-, and just after sunrise, invokes powers of ten from a hundred to a trillion:
Hail to śata ("hundred," 102), hail to sahasra ("thousand," 103), hail to ayuta ("ten thousand," 104), hail to niyuta ("hundred thousand," 105), hail to prayuta ("million," 106), hail to arbuda ("ten million," 107), hail to nyarbuda ("hundred million," 108), hail to samudra ("billion," 109, literally "ocean"), hail to madhya ("ten billion," 1010, literally "middle"), hail to anta ("hundred billion," 1011,lit., "end"), hail to parārdha ("one trillion," 1012 lit., "beyond parts"), hail to the dawn (uṣas), hail to the twilight (vyuṣṭi), hail to the one which is going to rise (udeṣyat), hail to the one which is rising (udyat), hail to the one which has just risen (udita), hail to svarga (the heaven), hail to martya (the world), hail to all.
The solution to partial fraction was known to the Rigvedic People as states in the purush Sukta (RV 10.90.4):
With three-fourths Puruṣa went up: one-fourth of him again was here.
The Satapatha Brahmana (ca. 7th century BCE) contains rules for ritual geometric constructions that are similar to the Sulba Sutras.
Śulba Sūtras[edit]
Main article: Śulba Sūtras
The Śulba Sūtras (literally, "Aphorisms of the Chords" in Vedic Sanskrit) (c. 700–400 BCE) list rules for the construction of sacrificial fire altars.[22] Most mathematical problems considered in the Śulba Sūtras spring from "a single theological requirement,"[23] that of constructing fire altars which have different shapes but occupy the same area. The altars were required to be constructed of five layers of burnt brick, with the further condition that each layer consist of 200 bricks and that no two adjacent layers have congruent arrangements of bricks.
According to (Hayashi 2005, p. 363), the Śulba Sūtras contain "the earliest extant verbal expression of the Pythagorean Theorem in the world, although it had already been known to the Old Babylonians."
The diagonal rope (akṣṇayā-rajju) of an oblong (rectangle) produces both which the flank (pārśvamāni) and the horizontal (tiryaṇmānī) <ropes> produce separately."
Since the statement is a sūtra, it is necessarily compressed and what the ropes produce is not elaborated on, but the context clearly implies the square areas constructed on their lengths, and would have been explained so by the teacher to the student.
They contain lists of Pythagorean triples, which are particular cases of Diophantine equations. They also contain statements (that with hindsight we know to be approximate) about squaring the circle and "circling the square."
Baudhayana (c. 8th century BCE) composed the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra, the best-known Sulba Sutra, which contains examples of simple Pythagorean triples, such as: (3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (8, 15, 17), (7, 24, 25), and (12, 35, 37),[28] as well as a statement of the Pythagorean theorem for the sides of a square: "The rope which is stretched across the diagonal of a square produces an area double the size of the original square."] It also contains the general statement of the Pythagorean theorem (for the sides of a rectangle): "The rope stretched along the length of the diagonal of a rectangle makes an area which the vertical and horizontal sides make together." Baudhayana gives a formula for the square root of two:
\sqrt{2} \approx 1 + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{3\cdot4} - \frac{1}{3\cdot 4\cdot 34} = 1.4142156 \ldots
The formula is accurate up to five decimal places, the true value being 1.41421356... This formula is similar in structure to the formula found on a Mesopotamian tablet from the Old Babylonian period (1900–1600 BCE):
\sqrt{2} \approx 1 + \frac{24}{60} + \frac{51}{60^2} + \frac{10}{60^3} = 1.41421297 \ldots
which expresses √2 in the sexagesimal system, and which is also accurate up to 5 decimal places (after rounding).
According to mathematician S. G. Dani, the Babylonian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 written ca. 1850 BCE[32] "contains fifteen Pythagorean triples with quite large entries, including (13500, 12709, 18541) which is a primitive triple,[33] indicating, in particular, that there was sophisticated understanding on the topic" in Mesopotamia in 1850 BCE. "Since these tablets predate the Sulbasutras period by several centuries, taking into account the contextual appearance of some of the triples, it is reasonable to expect that similar understanding would have been there in India." Dani goes on to say:
As the main objective of the Sulvasutras was to describe the constructions of altars and the geometric principles involved in them, the subject of Pythagorean triples, even if it had been well understood may still not have featured in the Sulvasutras. The occurrence of the triples in the Sulvasutras is comparable to mathematics that one may encounter in an introductory book on architecture or another similar applied area, and would not correspond directly to the overall knowledge on the topic at that time. Since, unfortunately, no other contemporaneous sources have been found it may never be possible to settle this issue satisfactorily.
In all, three Sulba Sutras were composed. The remaining two, the Manava Sulba Sutra composed by Manava (fl. 750–650 BCE) and the Apastamba Sulba Sutra, composed by Apastamba (c. 600 BCE), contained results similar to the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra.
Vyakarana
An important landmark of the Vedic period was the work of Sanskrit grammarian, Pāṇini (c. 520–460 BCE). His grammar includes early use of Boolean logic, of the null operator, and of context free grammars, and includes a precursor of the Backus–Naur form (used in the description programming languages).
Continues...........
Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia
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Muslim war with Europe in 2016 predictions

  • m1नास्त्रेदमस की परंपरा में एक और भविष्यवक्ता का नाम सामने आया है वांजेलिया पांडेवा डिमित्रोवा का. इस नेत्रहीन बुल्गारियाई भविष्यदृष्टा को बाबा वैंगा के नाम से भी जाना जाता है. इनकी कुछ बड़ी भविष्यवाणियों में एक यह भी है कि 2016 में यूरोप पर विशाल मुस्लिम आक्रमण होगा.
  • अपनी मौत के बाद की भी हजारों भविष्यवाणियां करने वाली वैंगा की 1996 में मृत्यु हो चुकी है. लेकिन उनके द्वारा की गई सबसे बड़ी वैश्विक आपदाओं की भविष्यवाणियों में से 2004 की सुनामी और 9/11 हमले को देखे जा चुका है.

अविश्वासी औऱ नास्तिक लोगों का ध्यान भविष्यवाणी जैसी चीजों पर शायद न जाय. अगर बात किसी ज्योतिष की हो तो फिर इसकी संभावना एकदम खत्म हो जाती है. अगर आप तर्क संगत तरीके से सोचते हैं और प्लूटो के चश्में से दुनिया के भविष्य की कल्पना करते हैं तो यह आपको समझ नहीं आएगा.

हां, हम सभी को बचपन से ही बताया गया है कि फ्रांसीसी भविष्यवक्ता नास्त्रेदमस ने हिटलर, नेपोलियन समेत तमाम बड़ी हस्तियों के उदय की सही-सही भविष्यवाणी कर दी थी. 

और इस सप्ताह हफिंगटन पोस्ट द्वारा बताया जा रहा है कि नास्त्रेदमस की एक उत्तराधिकारी वांजेलिया पांडेवा डिमित्रोवा नाम की महिला हैं. इन नेत्रहीन बुल्गारियाई भविष्यदृष्टा को बाबा वैंगा के नाम से भी जाना जाता है जिन्होंने 10 भयानक भविष्यवाणियां की हैं. इनमें 2016 में यूरोप में होने वाले विशाल मुस्लिम आक्रमण की भविष्यवाणी भी शामिल है. 

कौन थीं (स्वर्गीय) बाबा वैंगा?

यह ऐसी कहानी है जिसपर संभवत: बॉलीवुड में लोगों ने काम करना शुरू कर दिया गया होगा. 

स्थानीय किंवदंती है कि बाबा वैंगा या बाल्कन की नास्त्रेदमस ने पहली बार भविष्य देखने की क्षमता तब प्राप्त की थी जब 12 साल की उम्र में एक भयानक तूफान में उसकी आंखों की रोशनी चली गई थी.

16 साल की उम्र में ही उसने भविष्यवाणी करनी शुरू कर दी और "30 साल की उम्र पूरी होने पर पहले से ही जानने की उसकी शक्तियां और मजबूत हो गईं."

1952 की शरद ऋतु में यह महिला भविष्यवक्ता काफी मुसीबत में पड़ गई जब उसने कहा कि जोसेफ स्टालिन को पाताल लोक में जाना होगा. इस भविष्यवाणी के परिणामस्वरूप उसे जेल में बंद कर दिया गया, हालांकि वो जल्द ही बाहर आ गईं. 

वर्ष 1967 में उन्हें 'सरकारी अधिकारी' के रूप में नियुक्त किया गया बावजूद इसके कि कम्युनिस्ट शासन में तमाम ऐसे लोग थे वेंगा बाबा को चुड़ैल समझते थे. कहानी यह भी है कि एक दिन हिटलर उनसे मिलने पहुंचा था लेकिन बाद में वो बहुत परेशान हो गया था. 

अपनी मौत के बाद की भी हजारों भविष्यवाणियां करने वाली वैंगा की अंततः 1996 में मृत्यु हो गई. लेकिन उनके द्वारा की गई सबसे बड़ी वैश्विक आपदाओं की भविष्यवाणियों के संदर्भ में 2004 की सुनामी और 9/11 हमले को देखा जाता है.

2016 में क्या हो सकता है?

अपनी मौत के 20 साल बाद यानी वर्ष 2016 की अपनी भविष्यवाणी के चलते बाबा वैंगा वापस खबरों में आ गई हैं. क्योंकि उन्होंने कहा था कि 2016 वो वर्ष होगा जब, "मुसलमानों द्वारा यूरोप पर आक्रमण किया जाएगा."

यूरोप और पश्चिम एशिया का राजनीतिक माहौल स्वाभाविक रूप से इस चिंता को बल दे रहा है. अप्रवासी संकट के चलते अभूतपूर्व रूप से यूरोप पर काफी दबाव है और विभिन्न देशों द्वारा इस मुद्दे पर अलग-अलग राय रखने के चलते इस संघ में दरारें फैलती जा रही हैं. 

तो निकट भविष्य के लिए वैंगा की अन्य प्रमुख भविष्यवाणी क्या हैं? इनमें 2018 में चीन दुनिया की सर्वोच्च 'महाशक्ति' बन जाएगा. उनके मुताबिक इसी साल एक अंतरिक्ष यान वीनस पर 'ऊर्जा के एक नए रूप' की खोज करेगा.

क्यों लोग इनसे आकर्षित नहीं हुए?

उन पर विश्वास करने वालों का दावा है कि वैंगा ने पिछले दशकों की कुछ प्रमुख वैश्विक घटनाओं की भविष्यवाणी की थीः

  • भारतीय प्रधानमंत्री इंदिरा गांधी और राजीव गांधी की हत्या.
  • कुस्क परमाणु पनडुब्बी आपदा
  • ग्लोबल वॉर्मिंग
  • 9/11: "डरावना, भयावह! अमेरिकी भाइयों पर स्टील पक्षियों के द्वारा हमला किए जाने के बाद वह गिर जाएंगे."
  • 2004 की सुनामी: "एक विशाल लहर एक बड़े तट को घेर लेगी. जिसमें लोगों, कस्बों के साथ सबकुछ पानी के नीचे गायब हो जाएगा. सब कुछ सिर्फ बर्फ की तरह पिघल जाएगा."
  • एक "विशाल मुस्लिम युद्ध" 
  • बराक ओबामा का चुनाव: उन्होंने कहा था कि अमेरिका का 44वां राष्ट्रपति एक अफ्रीकी अमेरिकी होगा. उसने यह भी कहा कि वह आखिरी अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति होगा. 
  • द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध
  • ज़ार बोरिस III की मृत्यु की तारीख
  • चेकोस्लोवाकिया का विघटन
  • सोवियत संघ का टूटना
  • यूगोस्लाविया का टूटना
  • पूर्व और पश्चिम जर्मनी का एकीकरण
  • बोरिस येल्तसिन का चुनाव
  • चेर्नोबिल आपदा
  • स्टालिन की मौत की तारीख
  • सीरिया में संघर्ष
  • क्रीमिया का अलग होना

आपको उलझन में क्यों होना चाहिए

विशेषज्ञों' ने गणना की है कि उसकी 68 फीसदी भविष्यवाणी सच साबित हुई हैं.

लेकिन इन भविष्यवाणियों के साथ सबसे बड़ी समस्या यह है कि इनका कोई आधिकारिक स्रोत नहीं है. जहां नास्त्रेदमस ने अपनी भविष्यवाणियों को लिखित रूप में छोड़ा था, बाबा वैंगा ने ऐसा नहीं किया. यही कारण है कि उन्होंने शायद जो कहा था घटनाओं के बाद उसके अर्थ बदलते रहे. शायद यह संभव नहीं लेकिन संभावित है. जैसे चीन का फुसफुसाने वाला खेल हो रहा है.

अगर फिर भी आप जानना चाहते हैं कि भविष्य के बारे में वो क्या सोचती थीं?
  • 2016: मुसलमानों का यूरोप पर आक्रमण
  • 2018: अमेरिका को पीछे करते हुए चीन विश्व की महाशक्ति बन जाएगा
  • 2023: पृथ्वी की कक्षा में बड़े बदलाव होंगे
  • 2025-2028: भुखमरी खत्म हो जाएगी
  • 2025: युद्ध के परिणामस्वरूप यूरोप की जनसंख्या गायब हो जाएगी
  • 2028: ऊर्जा के अन्य स्रोतों को खोजने की उम्मीद के साथ वीनस जैसे अन्य ग्रहों की यात्रा का प्रयास होगा
  • 2033: ध्रुवों के पिघलने से जल स्तर में वृद्धि
  • 2045: हिमच्छादित चोटियों का अस्तित्व ही नहीं होगा
  • 2076: साम्यवाद वापस आ जाएगा
  • 2084: प्रकृति का पुनर्जन्म
  • 2100: ग्रह के अंधेरे पक्ष को रोशनी देते एक नए सूर्य का जन्म. 
  • 2130: हम एलियंस के साथ संपर्क कर सकते हैं
  • 2170: वैश्विक सूखा
  • 2262: मंगल ग्रह को एक धूमकेतु का खतरा
  • 2304: मनुष्य समय की यात्रा करने में सक्षम हो जाएगा
  • 2480: दो कृत्रिम सूर्यों के टकराने से पृथ्वी पर अंधेरा हो जाएगा 
  • 3005: मंगल ग्रह पर युद्ध से ग्रह की गति बदल जाएगी
  • 3010: चंद्रमा पर एक धूमकेतु के पहुंचने से पृथ्वी पत्थरों और धूल से घिर जाएगी
  • 3797: पृथ्वी खत्म हो जाएगी लेकिन मानवजाति इतनी तरक्की कर चुकी होगी कि एक नई सौर प्रणाली के पास चली जाएगी 
  • 4674: मानव जाति एलियंस के साथ मिल जाएगी
  • 5079: ब्रह्मांड खत्म हो जाएगा

तो आप क्या सोचते हैं?

(इन भविष्यवाणियों को सुनकर भयानक भविष्य के लिए खुद को तैयार करने से पहले बस यह याद रखें: बाबा वैंगा ने नवंबर 2010 से अक्टूबर 2014 तक न्यूक्लियर विश्व युद्ध की भविष्यवाणी की थी. इतना ही नहीं उन्होंने संभवत: बराक ओबामा, निकोलस सरकोजी, व्लादिमीर पुतिन और गॉर्डन ब्राउन जैसे चार राष्ट्र प्रमुखों की हत्या के प्रयासों के बारे में भी कहा था. ये सभी ठीक हैं.)

Tuesday, February 2, 2016

Subramanian Swamy

 Subramanian Swamy, mythical phoenix bird, he reinvents himself from the very flames that others think he burnt down with.

The Man and His Machines!

 Teacher, economist, mathematician, politician, rebel, crusader, dog lover, all this and much more, was born into a family of intellectuals....

Not one to let go a fight and not one who forgets easily, survivor and loner, Swamy has bounced back to cast an imprint on contemporary history that few individuals in India can lay claim to.

Here’s a compilation of facts that most Indians don’t know about this tough guy:

1. His Father Was a Well Known Mathematician

Swamy was born in Mylapore, Chennai on Sept 15, 1939.

His father, Sitaram Subramanian was at one time director of the Central Statistical Institute.

2. He Graduated in Mathematics from Hindu College (Finished 3rd in DU)

It was in the very stars that he was born under. He was not six months old, when his mathematician father Sitaram Subramanian, in 1940, changed jobs and moved from Chennai (then Madras) to Delhi, the seat of power.

Swamy graduated from the prestigiousHindu College in B.A. (Hon.), finishing 3rd in the Delhi University.

3. Enrolled at Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), Kolkata for Post Graduation

From Delhi, the seat of power, Swamy moved to Kolkata (then Calcutta) for PG studies. It was going to be his first battle ground.

4. Director of the Institute Happened to a be Professional Rival of Swamy’s Father

The institute at that time was headed by PC Mahalanobis who happened to be a professional rival of Swamy’s father. So when Mahalanobis learnt about Swamy, the latter began to get lower grades. Too bad (for Mahalanobis).

Mahalanobis was the brain behind setting up of the Planning Commission, something that Prime Minister Narendra Modi after many decades intends to dismantle.

He was the kind of person that no one (at least not someone studying at his institute) would want to develop animosity with.

5. Swamy Taught the Big Guy a Lesson

Swamy’s ability at crunching numbers and postulating theories, pitched him against PC Mahalanobis.

His paper ‘Notes on Fractile Graphical Analysis’ published in Econometrica, 1963 had questioned a Mahalanobis statistical analysis method as not being original but only a differentiated form of an older equation, was an early expression of the rebel that Swamy is, a trait that has found expression both as an intellectual and as a politician.

6. Got a Recommendation for Harvard

Having demonstrated his ability for research,Hendrik S Houthakker, the American economist who was the referee for the paper published in Econometrica, recommended Swamy’s admission to Harvard.

7. Completed PhD from Harvard at 24

Backed by a full Rockefeller scholarship, in two and a half years, Swamy at 24 completed his PhD.

At Harvard, having cut his teeth in mathematics in the early 1960s and armed with a doctorate at 24 years of age, by 27 he was a teacher at Harvard.

8. Co-Authored a Paper with the 1st American Who Won Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences

Swamy co-authored a paper on theory of index numbers with Paul Samuelson. The paper was published in 1974

9. Became an Expert on the Chinese Economy

In 1975, Swamy wrote a book titled “Economic Growth in China and India, 1952–70: A Comparative Appraisal”

He learnt Chinese/Mandarin in just 3 months (when someone challenged him to learn this tough-language-to-learn in a year).

Till this day, Swamy is considered an authority on the Chinese economy and especially comparative analysis of Indian and China.

10. Got an Invite from Amartya Sen to Join DSE (Delhi School of Economics)

As an advocate of free markets economy, much before Manmohan Singh’s 1991 budget made it fashionable, Swamy’s market friendly views after moving from Harvard to Delhi School of Economics in 1968 were simply too radical and not palatable with Indira Gandhi’s socialist ‘Garibi Hatao’ India slogans.

Anyhow, Swamy accepted Amartya Sen’s offer.

The position earmarked for a young academician with market friendly views was a full professorial chair on Chinese studies.

But, by the time he traveled from Harvard to DSE, other traveler academics at the famed institute had changed their views on Swamy.

He was just offered a Reader’s rank at DSE. A sharp U-turn.

Students backed Swamy.

11. Moved to IIT in 1969

Swamy taught economics to students at the IIT.

He would often meet students at the hostels and discuss political and international views.

By now, Swamy had made a name for himself.

He suggested that India ought to do away with Five Year Plans and stop relying on foreign aid.

According to him, it was possible to achieve 10% growth.

12. Indira Took Note of Swamy in 1970

Indira, one of India’s most powerful prime ministers, in a 1970 budget debate dismissed Swamy as a “Santa Claus with unrealistic ideas.”

This was probably the first that a national leader of her stature had gone to the extent of directly mimicking Swamy’s ideas.

Swamy continued with his work nonetheless.

13. Establishment Goes After Swamy

The hostility cost him his IIT job from where he was unceremoniously sacked in December 1972.

Swamy in 1973 sued the prestigious institute for wrongful dismissal. He won the suit in 1991 and to prove his point, he joined only for a day before resigning.

14. Political Inning Began in 1974

With a young wife, a new born daughter and no job, Swamy was contemplating heading back to America when fate intervened and launched him into politics.

A phone call by Jan Sangh stalwart Nanaji Deshmukh picking Swamy to represent the party in the Rajya Sabha had him elected to parliament in 1974.

15. Dared the Establishment during the Emergency Days

Independence and the gross human tragedy that unfolded after partition, was something that a young Swamy saw up close. He was witness to the partition survivors’ daily struggle taking place just outside the family’s government allotted house at Turkman Gate, Delhi.

The emergency (1975-77) made a political hero out of him. Swamy defied and evaded arrest warrants for the entire 19 month period.

His most daring act during emergency was coming into India from America, breaking through security cordons of parliament, attending a Lok Sabha session on 10th August 1976, managing to slip out of parliament, escaping from the country and returning to America.

16. Founding Member of the Party that Won Elections after Emergency

Swamy was one of the founding members of the Janata Party that swept the Indira Gandhi emergency regime out of power in 1977.

Though the party splintered but Swamy stuck on and was its president since 1990 till the party was merged with BJP in 11 August, 2013. Opposition often joked about him heading Janta Party as being a general without an army. But, he has been that way for a long time.

17. Swamy’s Blueprint – A Guiding Light for Manmohan Singh in Early 1990s

As the country’s commerce and law minister during Chandra Shekhar’s brief term as Prime Minister in 1990-91, Swamy laid the foundations of economic reforms in India by creating a blue print.

Dr. Manmohan Singh, then FM presented interim budget for 1991-92 under Congress PM Narasimha Rao.

The same blue print was later picked up by finance minister Manmohan Singh under Prime Minister PV Narasimha Rao to deliver the country of Nehruvian socialism.

18. Given a Cabinet Rank When in Opposition

Being president of Janta Party and an opposition leader, Swamy has the distinction of being handed out a cabinet rank by the ruling party.

It is said that Swamy stood by Narasimha Rao Even in the Wilderness

Prime Minister PV Narasimha Rao in 1994 appointed Swamy as Chairman with Commission of Labor Standards and International Trade with a cabinet rank.

19. An Academician Turned Lawyer

Contrary to what most Indians believe, Swamy, as pointed out above, is a mathematician by education.

It was the turn of events in his life that turned him to politics and law.

20. Played a Crucial Role in Exposing 2G Scam

After a long hibernation, Swamy writing to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2008 seeking permission to prosecute A Raja over illegal allotment of mobile spectrum bands unraveled the colossal 2G Scam.

21. Made it Possible for Indians to Access the Kailash Mansarovar and protected Ram Sethu from destruction.

Subramanian Swamy played an important role in making it possible for people of Hindu faith in India to access the Kailash Mansarovar religious pilgrimage route. Also petitioned against destruction of Ram Sethu, which has environmental and religious impact.

To make it happen, he had met Deng Xiaoping China’s top guy of the time (April 1981).

22. Took on mighty Jayalalitha and Gandhi family in corruption cases.

Tamil Nadu CM was arrested and Gandhis had to apply for bail based on Swamy's efforts as anticorruption crusader.

23. Filed petition in Delhi high court on Nirbhaya case.

Requested high court against release of juvenile violent rapist irrespective of juvenile criminal bill still pending in Rajya sabha by blockade of opposition.Has pledged to fight in court and give Nirbhaya family justice.

MAKAR SANKRANTI

WHY WE CELEBRATE MAKAR SANKRANTI ON JANUARY 14-15
(Extract from the article of Dr. Mayank Vahia)

On January 14 every year, we celebrate Makar Sankranti. It is the only Indian festival celebrated on a fixed calendric day of the solar calendar. All other Indian festivals are celebrated as per the lunar calendar, which make their days of celebration on the solar calendar vary every year.
...
The difference is easy to see. In India, we follow a lunar calendar; the moon goes from new moon to new moon or full moon to full moon in 29.5 days. We get 12 full moons in 354 days, making a lunar calendar year 354 days long. However, the Sun returns to the same spot in the sky every 365.25 days. So, there is a difference of 11.25 days between the solar and lunar years. Every 2.5 years, therefore, an intercalary month (the Adhik Maas) is added to the lunar calendar to roughly synchronise the two.
This is crucial because weather patterns follow the solar calendar, not the lunar. On the other hand, accurate ‘mahurat’ (or ‘muhurat’) calculations are better done with the relatively faster moving moon. In fact, to make such calculations more accurate, the path of the moon, which is slightly off from the path of the sun, is divided into 27 ‘nakshatras’ while the path of the sun is divided into 12 ‘rashis’.
All this is simple and good. The exact calculations are a bit more complex since the fractions given above are not exact. Moreover, Indian calculations are done with natural numbers rather than fractions, so numbers have to be magnified accordingly.

But the problem of Makar Sankranti is unique: it goes entirely by the solar calendar. The clue to this mystery lies in the fact that Makar Sankranti is also called Uttarayan, or the day on which the sun begins its northward journey.

The solar calendar itself is fairly rigid (except for the 0.25 at the end of 365 which in reality is 365.256363004 days). So this additional 0.006363004 over 365.25 means that we slightly over compensate when in a leap year we add February 29. To re-correct for it, we don’t have a leap year in the years ending with 00. This gives a reasonably accurate and stable calendar.

In this system, the sun enters different zodiacs on a fixed day with an error of one day on either side depending on how close you are to the leap year. In the Indian system, this correction mechanism is more subtle and complex, and involves use of additional days with the same lunar date etc.

The path of the sun over one year is divided into ‘rashis’, which are identical to the zodiacs.
So around mid-December, the sun rises in the Sagittarius or Dhanush, in January in Capricorn or Makara, and so on.

We celebrate January 14 as the day on which the sun begins to rise in the Makara Rashi, Sankranti meaning entering.

But then there is an additional problem. The Earth’s axis of rotation moves north-south. So if you look to the sky everyday and note where the sun rises, you will notice that in one year it drifts from north of east to south of east. The same will be true in the west if you track sunset. For the northern hemisphere, the further south the sun is, the less it remains in the sky and the colder it is on earth.
So the point at which the sun rises is crucial in deciding the seasons. When the sun starts moving south, the days get colder. In reality, because the Earth can store some heat and its daily motion is relatively small, it takes a few weeks after the sun begins to move south to get colder.

Hence, from time immemorial, the days on which the sun touches its northernmost and southernmost points are noted. These are called solstices – winter or summer. In Sanskrit, the journey southwards is called Dakshinayan, and the one northward is called Uttarayan, ‘dakshin’ and ‘uttar’ being south and north respectively. Now the question is how to map this directional movement of the sun with its movement in the zodiac. In principle it is easy. We know the winter solstice falls on December 21, and hence Uttarayan begins on that day, while the summer solstice falls on June 21, when Dakshinayan begins.

So, why do we celebrate Uttarayan on Makar Sankranti, when, as you must have realised, it should be celebrated on Dhanu Sankranti? This is where history comes in.

While the exact day on which the winter or summer solstice occurs remains steady (within one day error), there is a slight change in the way the Earth’s rotation axis is aligned to the sun. Hence, over a period of a few hundred years, this drift means that even though the sun begins its Uttarayan on December 21, it is not in the Makara rashi as it was about 1,500 years ago. So, 1,500 years ago, during the time of Aryabhata, the Uttarayan and Makar Sankranti coincided.

Evidence of democracy in Rig Veda

Evidence of democracy in Rig Veda
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Evidence of a Democratic system of government in India is originally found in Rig Veda, which mentions a thriving republican form of Government in India.
These are the slokas from Rig Veda which were to be sung in unison at the beginning of the republican assembly
...
sáM sam íd yuvase vRSann ágne víshvAny aryá Á
iLás padé sám idhyase sá no vásUny Á bhara ||
sáM gachadhvaM sáM vadadhvaM sáM vo mánAMsi jAnatAm
devÁ bhAgáM yáthA pÚrve saMjAnAnÁ upÁsate ||
samAnó mántraH sámitiH samAnÍ samAnám mánaH sahá cittám eSAm
samAnám mántram abhí mantraye vaH samAnéna vo havíSA juhomi ||
samAnÍ va ÁkUtiH samAnÁ hRdayAni vaH
samAnám astu vo máno yáthA vaH súsahÁsati || [Rig Veda 10.191.1-4]

Translation :THOU, mighty Agni, gatherest up all that is precious for thy friend. Bring us all treasures as thou art enkindled in libation’s place.
Assemble, speak together: let your minds be all of one accord, As ancient Gods unanimous sit down to their appointed share.

The place is common, common the assembly, common the mind, so be their thought united. A common purpose do I lay before you, and worship with your general oblation.
One and the same be your resolve, and be your minds of one accord. United be the thoughts of all that all may happily agree.

However, not much historic evidence is available today to prove implementation of democractic and republic ideas in ancient India.
The terms Sabha,( gathering) , Samiti, ( smaller Gathering or Committee ) Rajan or Raja,( Householder, Leader), exists and are found in Vedic literature.
Sabha is found eight times in the Rig Veda, which is accepted as the oldest Veda.

The term Rajan denoted Householder, Head of the Household. One who was eligible to take part in the assembly or gathering or the sabha.It did not mean a King, but simply meant a ‘Leader’, a leader who was elected.
The term Raja came to mean in time, a feudal king, a monarch. The elected leader or elected king would, as is usual with human nature, wish his offspring to follow in his footsteps, and take the leadership or Kingship position after him.

Rig Veda also says that the position of the King(Leader) was not absolute, and he could be removed by the Sabha or the Assembly.
The term Sabha is still used today, as the Indian Elected Parliament is called the ‘Lok Sabha- Assembly of the People’, Nominated Parliament is called ‘Rajya Sabha‘ and state assemblies are called as ‘Vidhana Sabha’.

Democracy today functions at 3 basic level in India :
The village level- The Panchayat – Council of Five (Panch = Five)
Province or State level – Assembly
National – Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha in Parliament.

Myth of Newton discover Gravity- Read Upnishad

It is known to modern world that Issac Newton discovered universal gravitation in 16th century when he observed an apple fall from a tree .

But Prasnopanishad(6000 BC) described the force that pulls objects down and keeps us grounded on earth without floating(Sage/philosopher Kanad -2nd century BCE, from school of Vaisheshika wrote commentaries based on vedas and upanishads)

In Prashnopanishad c...hapter 3 while describing the panchapranas, the apana vayu is said to be residing in the anus and genitals – paayoopasthepaanam.

 It is responsible for throwing out from the body faeces, urine, semen, menstrual blood and foetus. Further, the upanishad says :

prithivyaam yaa devataa saisha purushasya apaanamavashatabhyaantaraa ||

"The devata that is in earth she supports this apana. She helps apana for throwing out from the body. "

Usually Space travelers face difficulty in excretion due to absence of gravitational force there. The link between apana and the earth aiding it is quite clear in this upanishad."

Further in his commentary to this upanishad, Adi Shankara ( 8th century AD ) says

‘tathaa prithivyaam abhimaaninee yaa devataa prasiddhaa saishaa purushasya apaanavrithimavashtabhyaakrishya vasheekrityaadha evapakarshanenanugraham kurvati vartata ityarthaha. anyathaa hi shareeram gurutvat patetsavakashe vaa udagacheta’.||

"This devata blesses by supporting apana by pulling in the downward direction. Or else, the body would have floated up."

Vashishtha Narayan Singh- From Bhojpur to Berkley

The Great Mathematician, solving 4-6 OUT OF 8 unsolved Maths problems of ARYABHATT and challenged works of Great Scientist Albert Einstein, suffers from Schizophrenia.

Born in 1942 in Village Basantpur, under Sadar Block of Dist. Bhojpur. In the year 1962, he passed his matriculation examination, topping in the entire state of Bihar.

 After his school education, he got admission in the prestigiou...s Patna Science College. During that time, Dr. P. Nagendra, a great mathematician, was the principal of Science College. He truly realized the hidden talent in young Vashishtha. Coincidentally, at the same time, the great American scholar Prof. Kelly was visiting Patna to participate in the World Mathematics Conference. Prof. Nagendra arranged an interview of Vashishtha with Prof. Kelly. Prof. Kelly quizzed the young student with various types of questions and Vashishtha answered all his questions correctly. Seeing the immense talent in Vashishtha Babu, Prof. Kelly expressed his desire to teach him in America under his guidance. Dr. Nagendra showed promptness and immediately arranged for a special examination for Vashishtha Babu and he cleared this examination with cent percent marks. Thus, in 1963, he went to California, USA as a research scholar. There, he conducted research on the Cycle Vector Space Theory and his research work catapulted him to great heights in the world of Science.

After completing his research, Vashishtha Babu came back to India, but he was destined to return soon to America. During his second stint in the USA, he was appointed an Associate Professor of Mathematics in Washington. He returned to India in 1971 and was appointed a professor in IIT Kanpur. After spending barely eight months at IIT Kanpur, he joined as a professor in Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. After a year, in 1973, he was appointed as permanent professor in Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta.

An alumnus of the well-known Netarhat School, Singh worked on space theory at Nasa before returning home. He tied the knot in 1974, but his wife deserted him after he suffered his first attack of schizophrenia in 1976.

Even now, Vashishtha Babu keeps writing something or the other.

Vashishtha Narayan Singh, who had been languishing in penury, has joined the BhupendraNarayanMandal University (BNMU) in Madhepura as a visiting professor.( April 2013)

In the Pic: Vashishtha Narayan Singh, Update on the University of California, BERKELEY and John L Kelley.

University Link:http://math.berkeley.edu/people/grad/vashishtha-narayan-singh

Myth of CASTE SYSTEM in India -It was Varna system

DOCUMENTARY PROOF IT WAS VARNA OR CLASSIFICATION OF PROFESSIONAL WORK IN ANCIENT INDIA!!
In ancient India society was based upon the varna (class) according to their vocation.
Four orders of society were recognized based upon the four duties of human beings and established society accordingly. These four groups were the Brahmins, the priests or teacher class; the Kshatriya, the nobility or administrative class; the Vaishya, the merchants and farmers; and the Shudras or helpers for above all.
These four orders of society were called "varna", which means a "veil". As color it does not refer to the color of the skin of people, but to the qualities or energies of human nature. As a veil it shows the four different ways in which the Divine Self is hidden in human beings.
In ancient India, these divisions were not based on birth but based on qualifications. According to the Bhagavad Gita this Aryan family system started breaking down in India at the time of attacks of Mlechhas .Hence after so many years this system of determining natural aptitude has degenerated into the caste system which resembles it now only in form.
1. The Suta and the Magadha were traditionally the bards and the chroniclers, in fact the preservers of the early Indian historical tradition. They were close to the king not only because of their profession, but we are told that the presence of the Suta was essential to one of the rites in a royal sacrifice.
2. That the members of the samkirna jatis did not necessarily in fact have a low social status is indicated by the sources. The Aitareya Brahmana mentions an Ambastha king.~ Aitereya Brahmana, VIII, 21; The Ambastha tribe is frequently identified by modern scholars with Ambastanoi of Arrian and the Sambastoi of Diodorus.H.C. Raichaudhury, Political History of Ancient India, (Calcutta, 1952), p. 255.
3. The Taittiriya Brahmana refers to the material well-being of the Ugras, one of whom is mentioned as a king's officer.~Taittiriya Brahmana, III, 8, 5.
There is no word like "caste" in sanskrit! Casta is an Iberian word (existing in Spanish, Portuguese and other Iberian languages since the Middle Ages), meaning "lineage", "breed" or "race." It is derived from the older Latin word castus, "chaste," implying that the lineage has been kept pure. Casta gave rise to the English word caste during the Early Modern Period.[3][4].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casta#Etymology
 

Monday, February 1, 2016

Myth of Vasco de gama discover sea route to India

Vasco da Gama discovered sea route to India . Really ? Read on
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Portugese explorer Vasco da Gama, who is credited with discovering the sea route to India, actually followed a Gujarati trader from Zanzibar, a new book claimed. Suresh Soni, author of ‘India’s Scientific Heritage’, quoting archaeologist Dr Vishnu Shridhar Wakankar, said ”He no doubt came to India but not as a discoverer sea-farer but following an Gujarati trader from Zanzibar.” According to Dr Wakankar, Vasco da Gama had recorded in his diary that upon his arrival at Zanzibar in Africa he saw a docked ship three times bigger than his own. He took an African interpreter to meet the owner of that ship Chandan, a Gujarati trader who used to bring pine wood and teak from India along with spices and take back diamonds to Cochin. Vasco da Gama followed Chandan to reach the shores of India, a fact very few in independent India know about, regrets Soni. ”This should have been told to the new generation but this is not done,” he added. 

The author said Venetian trader and explorer Marco Polo, as early as 13th century, had recounted that ships in India had double boards which were joined together with strong nail and crevices, filled with special kind of gum and were so huge that 300 boatmen were needed to row them. These vessels could take a load of 3000 to 4000 gunny bags having small rooms and arrangements for comfort. Additional layers were added to the bottom, when it gets damaged. Some ships had as many as six layers, the book says. In the 15th century another traveller Nicolo Conti found Indian ships were much bigger than their own ships and their bases were made of three boards to weather formidable storms. Some ships were built in a such a manner that if one part was damaged, the rest could substitute for it. Another traveller Berthma had written how wooden boards were joined to prevent even a drop of water seeping into the ship and that it would take eight days to come to Iran from Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari), the book records. 

Read more at: http://news.oneindia.in/2007/07/14/vasco-da-gama-followed-a-gujarati-trader-1184411295.html

Thursday, January 28, 2016

BAITAL DEULA BHUBNESHWAR ODISA OR ORISSA

Called as the land of temples, Orissa houses several temples with delineation of religious architecture and, Vaital Deul Temple is one among them. Vaital Deul Temple or Baitala Deula is one of the finest example of the Khakhara order of the Kalinga style of temple architecture. Here, a Tantric worship, which combined elements from sects of Hinduism and Buddhism can be seen in a unique way.
Built during the 9th century, it is located in Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Orissa.
Dedicated to Goddess Chamundi, a tantric cult-name for Durga or Shakti, it is locally known as 'Tini Mundia Mandira'. Also a Tantric shrine, it is located near Bindu Sarovara. Belonging to Khakhara order, an offshoot of the Kalinga School, the temple is noted for the 'deul' (tower) with rectangular shape. It was a major centre of esoteric rites and Tantric worship, the combined elements from certain sects of Buddhism and Hinduism.
The deul rectangular in shape and oblong on plan, the temple is positioned at a right angle to the flat-roofed jagamohana which is a leading example of Khakhara order of temple.
Vaital Deul temple is renowned for its rectangular shape sanctuary deul (tower) and the sculptural beautification on its walls and tower. The tower at the right angle to the jagmohana (porch) is decorated with two chaitya windows, one having a carved figure of sun God Surya with his sisters Usha (Dawn) and Pratyusha (Dusk). The other one is carved with an image of Arjuna (third Pandava), driving a chariot of seven horses.

Tuesday, January 26, 2016

UFO classified files are released- And they are convincing

Nigel Watson, author of the UFO Investigations Manual, said last year, ‘At least 10,000 UFO reports collected by the US, Project Blue Book, have been put online and many other governments have released their UFO files.CIA has hand-selected some formerly top-secret files and photos to ‘prove’ extraterrestrials exist.
Sadly for extraterrestrial fans, the files are a bit lacking in alien autopsies and crashed flying saucers - but they’re a fascinating insight into the height of the ‘flying saucer’ era.
 .
‘Below you will find five documents we think X-Files character Agent Fox Mulder would love to use to try and persuade others of the existence of extraterrestrial activity.


There don’t appear to be any official records of a UFO ever shutting down a major airport in the U.S. In China on the other hand, it’s happened three times in five years. Are Chinese air traffic controllers more respectful of UFO airspace … or more fearful?
UFO Shuts Down a Major Airport in China Again
The latest instance of a Chinese airport closing down because of a UFO sighting appears to have happened late last week or over the weekend. A video of a newscast showing the UFO was posted on August 29th, 2015.
There’s no indication of which airport it is (at least for non-Chinese speakers). At the beginning, it shows a round object passing over the airport. The object appears to change forms and become elongated to a cigar shape. The video shows military personnel apparently watching the UFO but no one seems to be mobilizing or panicking. Could it be because they’ve been through this before?
On July 7th, 2010, a UFO was spotted at the Xiaoshan Airport in Hangzhou, China, at 8:40 p.m. by the crew of a plane preparing to land. The crew notified air traffic control and the airport was immediately shut down. All outgoing flights were grounded and 18 incoming flights were diverted to airports in Ningbo and Wuxi.
UFO shuts down Xiaoshan Airport in China
Normal operations were resumed somewhere between one and four hours later, but passengers and local residents were left in the dark as to what the UFO might be. Speculation ranged from a U.S. missile to a Russian satellite to a secret Chinese military plane to a meteor. Officials from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) told the media that the incident was “under investigation” but no record of any formal explanation is readily available. There seems to be no information from the Shanghai UFO Investigative Research Center either. Why not?
Perhaps they were warned by yet another UFO shutting down an airport, this time on October 6, 2010, in Inner Mongolia. The news report mentions the previous sighting and says it was a military test, but gives no details nor no information on the next one.
Three Chinese airports shut down by UFOs in five years. Do you think there’s more shutdowns that we don’t know about? Why are Chinese officials so quick to close airports after UFO sightings? What do they know and why don’t WE know it?

Source:7tales

Monday, January 25, 2016

Hidden origins of Universe and Human beings



 





 

BRITISHERS ERODED ORIGINAL HISTORY OF INDIA AND WORLD

 BRITISHERS ERODED ORIGINAL HISTORY OF INDIA AND WORLD
PICTURE : Capture of the Last King of Delhi BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR by Captain Hodson.
HEGEL : The most influential of decisions made by the British for India with respect to Indian history were the works of Hegel. For Hegel, of course, true history involved dialectical change and development. Indian history remained stationary and fixed and therefore outside the stream of world history. The basis of Indian society was the immutable pattern of the Indian village, inhabited by a people totally unconcerned with political relationships. This permitted not only despotic rulers but also frequent conquests and continual subjugation. The static character of Indian society with its concomitant despotic rulers became an accepted truth of Indian history.
Many of the historians of this period were administrators who were convinced that the pattern of British administration was acting as a catalyst in changing Indian society for the better. Source material pertaining to the ancient period of Indian history was now interpreted to fit these preconceptions, as, for example, in the writings of Henry Maine on ancient law and on early village communities in India. In analyzing the reasons for the static quality of Indian society, historians generally criticized the institution of caste. The theoretical ideal of the caste system as a rigid social system, as implied in the ancient law-books, Dharmasastras, was accepted as an actual description of a caste society, in spite of the fact that many of these writers were intimately concerned with rural administration, where discrepancies between the theoretical description of the caste system and its actual working were obvious.
The disinclination to look for change in the Indian past was also strengthened by the thinking of social and cultural evolutionists, for whom unfamiliar societies were rejects of the linear movement toward progress. Attempts were therefore made to fit Indian society into the uniform scheme of evolution which .was current in the late nineteenth century. Obviously, it would be easier to fit an atypical society into such a scheme if it could be assumed that such a society had always been static.
The idea that the British administration brought to an end the tradition of oppressive despots is a basic belief in the writings of perhaps the best known of the administrator historians.
Vincent Smith. : He devoted himself especially to the study of ancient India and combined in his scholarship both more advanced techniques of historical reconstruction and a clearly defined interpretation, Smith’s historical training was in European classical scholarship. He was enthusiastic about the activities of the ancient Greeks and took their achievements to be the yardstick by which to measure all civilizations. His pro-Greek bias is shown in attempts to suggest that the finer qualities of Indian civilization were derived from Greece.
He was equally impressed by the grand sweep of Roman history as presented by Gibbon. Heroes and empires were the subject matter of history; and, furthermore, only those who had survived successfully were worth consideration. Thus Asoka’s Chandragupta II, and Akbar became his heroes and their reigns the glorious periods of Indian history. The intervening periods of small kingdoms he saw as periods of anarchy and misrule, since they failed to produce emperors; and in his interpretation of Indian history, these became the dark ages. Smith’s depiction of the rise and fall of empires and the intervening dark ages did weaken the idea of a totally unchanging society, even if the change was largely limited to the upper sections of society.
The concept of Oriental Despotism began to take shape.
This concept was not new to European thinking on Asia. Its roots can perhaps be traced to the writings of Herodotus, to the Greco-Persian antagonism in the ancient world, and to the pronouncements Aristotle on the nature of kingship and political systems in Asia. It was taken up and developed into a political theory by Montesquieu in L’Esprit des lois, and this theory was debated y the French physiocrats and by Voltaire, who found it unacceptable. But the concept became established in the nineteenth century when it was introduced into various philosophies of history and was thus given intellectual legitimacy. In the case of India the primary reason given for the rise of Oriental Despotism was the belief that there was no private property in land in pre-British India. This belief was based on a misunderstanding of the agrarian system of the Mughal Empire by both Thomas Roe and Francois Bernier.’
Hegel’s philosophy of history influenced yet another interpretation of Indian history. Christian Lassen, writing in the mid-nineteenth century, applied the dialectic of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis--applied by Hegel to the phases of Greek, Roman and Christian civilization in Europe--to India, where the three phases became Hindu, Muslim and Christian civilization. Lassen tried in this way to connect Indian history with the general stream of world history in the common synthesis of Christian civilization. In addition, this idea further strengthened Mill’s original periodization.
In spite of applying the Hegelian dialectic to his interpretation of Indian history, Lassen was unable to refute Hegel’s assumption concerning the unchanging nature of India’s past. This assumption was taken up by Marx and worked into the thesis on the Asiatic Mode of Production: Marx used as sources the information supplied by administrators and other officers employed by the British Indian government and the Parliamentary Reports. Unfortunately neither he nor Engels worked on this theory in great detail; the Asiatic Mode of Production was marginal to their main concern, which was the dialectic of European history. The sources were not only scanty but also not altogether reliable, since many of the administrators had preconceived ideas about the Indian past based on the writings of James Mill,Richard Jones, and others which were prescribed texts at Haileybury College and other such institutions where these administrators were trained. The characteristics of the Asiatic Mode of Production were: the absence of privately owned land, since all land was state-owned; the predominantly village economy, the occasional town functioning more as a military camp than as a commercial centre; the nearly self-sufficient nature of this village economy with each isolated village meeting its agricultural needs and manufacturing essential goods; the lack of much surplus for exchange after the collection of a large percentage of the surplus by the State; the complete subjugation of the village communities to the State, made possible by state control of major public works, most importantly irrigation. The extraction of a maximum percentage of the surplus from the village communities enabled the despotic ruler to live in considerable luxury.
hidden origins

HIRAM ~ THE ALLY OF KING SOLOMON

THE KING WHO PURCHASED GOLD FROM HINDUSTAN FOR HIS JEWISH EMPIRE?
A. HIRAM ~ THE ALLY OF KING SOLOMON ..
Hiram,The King of Tyre ~the Venice of the ancient world were Phoenicians. He was a friend and ally of Solomon, who is said to have become king in 1000 B.C. Hiram had already been the friend of David, towards the end of David's reign.
...
He renewed travels from the head of the Persian Gulf, as well as the Red Sea , and he reached the gold of Ophir [ present NALLA SOPARA] and the apes and peacocks of India. In return for gold, silver and cedar wood, he not only obtained wheat and oil from Palestine, but new routes to the south and east for his commerce.
It was from Hiram that Solomon borrowed skilled workmen, who brought the materials, wood, stone and metals for the building of the famous temple old Jerusalem
 

Saturday, January 23, 2016

Tesla-Genious forgotten and his ideas were stolen by scientists

Nikola Tesla invented the electric generator, the electric motor, fluorescent lighting, alternating current (AC) and devised the technologies that generate and deliver our electrical power for our homes, schools and factories. So why didn't I ever learn about Tesla in school -- the same way I learned about Thomas Edison, Marconi and Einstein? Because he was not from British, French, Germany and so called European nation, same story as of Indian Scientists.
The story about Nikola Tesla is the story of a genius who was largely disrespected and his ideas were stolen by other scientists and inventors
READ ORIGINAL ARTICLE -
viewzone.com

Born to a Serbian family on July 9th, 1856 in Smiljan, Croatia (former Yugoslavia), Nikola Tesla was a dreamer with a poetic touch. Tesla could visualize inventions in his mind, and execute these plans without the need for a blueprint or meticulous calculations.Tesla attended the Technical University at Graz, Austria, and the University of Prague. Tesla had a vision of electromagnetic fields that was real and tangible, at a time when most engineers considered electrical current as an intangible and ethereal mystery. Later, at Budapest, he visualized the principle of the rotating magnetic field and developed plans for an induction motor that would become his first step toward the successful utilization of alternating current. An eccentric genius, Tesla had few friends and remained solitary. He use to live in hotels in a New York. After Tesla's death the Federal Bureau of Investigation took note of Tesla's proposals for advanced weapons systems and searched his papers for information about reports of his death ray machine as world conflict was impending. Weapon of Total Destruction.Tesla's discovery of the rotating magnetic field produced by the interactions of two and three phase alternating currents in a motor winding was one of his most significant achievements of the century, and formed the basis of his induction motor and polyphase system for the generation and distribution of electricity.In 1882, before his arrival in America, Tesla went to work in Paris for the Continental Edison Company, and, while on assignment to Strassburg in 1883, he constructed, in after-work hours, his first induction motor. Tesla sailed for America in 1884, arriving in New York, with four cents in his pocket, a few of his own poems, and calculations for a flying machine. He first found employment with Thomas Edison, who had been his first employer in Paris, but the two inventors were far apart in background and methods, and their separation was inevitable.Tesla continued to work on his inventions, and seizing a momentous opportunity, George Westinghouse purchased some of Tesla's patents in 1888. For a mere $60,000($5,000 in cash and 150 shares of stock), Westinghouse acquired the patent for Tesla's polyphase alternating current technology. Tesla's reputation spread when Westinghouse won the contract to supply the Chicago World's Fair of 1893 with electricity. In 1895, the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company and General Electric Company joined forces to harness the power of Niagara Falls with electricity, using Tesla's technology.Tesla's generation of electricity resulted in what is known as alternating current, or AC. In alternating current the polarity and strength of the energy is continuously changing or alternating. Prior to Tesla's innovation, the Edison company was promoting direct current, or DC, as a safer way to power both homes and factories. In fact, Edison, despite knowing that Tesla's AC was superior, mounted an ugly publicity stunts designed to discredit Tesla and to save Edison's own financial investment in DC.

Edison started propaganda campaigns  against AC that is was dangerous. Nicknamed the "death current" by Edison, public demonstrations were staged in which animals were brutally electrocuted with AC, including an elephant, which were recorded by Edison and shown at public .
Tesla won because alternating current could react with coils of wire (transformers) to increase or decrease the voltage, electricity could be produced at high power levels at the generation stations and then reduced just prior to being distributed locally. Even today three-phase form of Tesla's polyphase system is still used for the generation and transmission of most electricity with updated versions of Tesla's three-phase and split phase motors.Tesla's experiments with high frequency and high potential alternating currents resulted in the development of the "Tesla coil." This device is a transformer with an air core that has both its primary and secondary tuned in resonance. As part of other experiments Tesla also developed the precursors of modern neon and florescent lights. He constructed these lights, elongated glass tubes filled with gas and coated with phosphor, excited in his high voltage experiments. He also discovered that high voltage current could be made harmless by using an alternating current scheme at very large frequencies.Returning to New York in 1900, Tesla began construction on Long Island of a wireless world broadcasting tower, with $150,000 capital from the American financier J. Pierpont Morgan. Tesla claimed he secured the loan by assigning 51 percent of his patent rights of telephony and telegraphy to Morgan. He expected to provide worldwide communication and to furnish facilities for sending pictures, messages, weather warnings, and stock reports. The project was abandoned because of a financial panic, labor troubles, and Morgan's withdrawal of support. It was Tesla's greatest defeat.
The Supreme Court granted full rights to Tesla for the invention of radio, nullifying the claims of Marchese Gugliemo Marconi
In 1943, the US Supreme Court granted full rights to Tesla for the invention of radio, nullifying the claims of Marchese Gugliemo Marconi who had patented a two-tuned-circuit design and a more practical four-tuned-circuit modeled after Tesla's. Marconi's patent on the invention of radio was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court because Tesla's work predated it (Case #369, 6/21/43). Marconi did succeed in beating Tesla as the first person to send a wireless telegraph across the Atlantic, which prompted Tesla to remark, "Let him continue. He is using seventeen of my patents." In addition, Tesla's 1903 patents 723,188 and 725,605 contain the basic principles of the logical AND circuit element basic to all computers.Tesla also envisioned a way to send electricity through the air and through the Earth so that electrical power would be available everywhere, even in remote corners of the planet. This technology, which was only understood by Tesla himself, was incorporated in another famous experiment in 1908, where Tesla attempted to remotely light up the sky over the North Pole as a way of demonstrating this wireless power transmission technology to the world. At the time, Admiral Peary was leading an expedition to the Arctic and Tesla hoped that Peary would report on the phenomenon when he returned. Many believe that Tesla's experiment that evening caused the world's largest man made explosion in the remote Siberian village of Tungusta. Read more about that HERE. If Tesla's power beam really did accidentally cause the Tungusta explosion, then we witnessed the first experimental use of the same weapon system has been developed by the US Department of Defense in Alaska's remote Poker Flats area, just North of Fairbanks. (See HAARP: A weapon of Total Destruction.) Although the capacity for destruction in Tesla's primitive prototype (some estimate equal to a large hydrogen bomb) was huge, this new military system is almost surely many magnitudes greater. Also, many similar systems have been deployed in a dozen specific locations around the globe -- presumably to be operated together for some undisclosed purpose. One can only hope that this new technology will be used for a peaceful purpose and that it will bring the respect for Tesla that has so far eluded him.
Alternating Current vs. Direct CurrentAC has other advantages:
  • AC generators are simple, cheaper and more reliable than DC generators
  • AC can readily be switched by circuit breakers at any voltage, whereas DC can only be switched at low voltages
  • AC motors and other electrical appliances are cheaper, simpler, and more reliable than those designed to work with DC
  • The frequency can be very precisely controlled and so AC is useful in motors that require accurate speed eg. Clocks, tape recorders, VHS machines.



Thomas A. Edison  started selling DC electricity which is hard to carry long distance until  Tesla conceived and built the first working alternating current generator. He, and he alone, is responsible for all of the advantages we enjoy today because of A.C. electric power.Angered by Edison, Tesla sold his new patents to George Westinghouse for 15 million dollars in the very early 1900's. Tesla established his lab in 5th Avenue in New York City.George Westinghouse began to market this new system of electric generators and was in competition with Edison. Westinghouse prevailed because of the greater superiority of the A.C. generators over the less efficient D.C. power supplies of Thomas Edison.. DC batteries require recharging every night and the range of travel was restricted to about 100 miles.


So, somewhere around 1915 or so, the electric automobile became a memory.
The U.S. Patent Office has 1,200 patents registered in the name of Nikola Tesla. in 1931, under the financing of Pierce-Arrow and George Westinghouse, a 1931 Pierce-Arrow was selected to be tested at the factory grounds in Buffalo, N.Y. The standard internal combustion engine was removed and an 80-H.P. 1800 r.p.m electric motor installed to the clutch and transmission. The A.C. motor measured 40 inches long and 30 inches in diameter and the power leads were left standing in the air - no external power source!At the appointed time, Nikola Tesla arrived from New York City and inspected the Pierce-Arrow automobile. He then went to a local radio store and purchased a handful of tubes (12), wires and assorted resistors. A box measuring 24 inches long, 12 inches wide and 6 inches high was assembled housing the circuit. The box was placed on the front seat and had its wires connected to the air-cooled, brushless motor. Two rods 1/4" in diameter stuck out of the box about 3" in length.Mr. Tesla got into the driver's seat, pushed the two rods in and stated, "We now have power". He put the car into gear and it moved forward! This vehicle, powered by an A.C. motor, was driven to speeds of 90 m.p.h. and performed better than any internal combustion engine of its day! One week was spent testing the vehicle. Several newspapers in Buffalo reported this test. When asked where the power came from, Tesla replied, "From the ethers all around us". Several people suggested that Tesla was mad and somehow in league with sinister forces of the universe. He became incensed, removed his mysterious box from the vehicle and returned to his laboratory in New York City. His secret died with him!It is speculated that Nikola Tesla was able to somehow harness the earth's magnetic field that encompasses our planet. And, he somehow was able to draw tremendous amounts of power by cutting these lines of force or causing them to be multiplied together. The exact nature of his device remains a mystery but it did actually function by powering the 80 h.p. A.C. motor in the Pierce-Arrow at speeds up to 90 m.p.h. and no recharging was ever necessary!


 
Tesla's Wardenclyffe laboratory,
where he tested his death ray.Tesla's Death Ray
Tesla's inventions boasted that with his resonance generator he could split the earth in two.
Tesla produced remote-controlled boats and submarines. He demonstrated the wireless ship at an exposition in Madison Square Garden in 1898. The automaton apparatus was so advanced, it used a form of voice recognition to respond to the verbal commands of Tesla and volunteers from the audience.
Tesla went to USA military to sell his proposed invention, without success so he went to J. P. Morgan. who offered to manufacture Tesla's vessels, but only if Tesla would agree to marry Morgan's daughter. Tesla  landed a successful military contract -- with the German Marine High Command for sea craft, with sophisticated turbines which Admiral von Tirpitz used to great success in his fleet of warships.Upon the outbreak of World War I, Tesla chose to forfeit his German royalties, lest he be charged with treason. Nearly broke, and finding the United States on the brink of war, Tesla dreamed up a new invention that might interest the military: the "DEATH RAY". The mechanism behind Tesla's death ray is not well understood. It was apparently some sort of particle accelerator. Tesla said it was an outgrowth of his magnifying transformer, which focused its energy output into a thin beam so concentrated it would not scatter, even over huge distances. He promoted the device as a purely defensive weapon, intended to knock down incoming attacks At the time, Robert Peary was making his second attempt to reach the North Pole. Cryptically, Tesla had notified the expedition that he would be trying to contact them somehow. They were to report to him the details of anything unusual they might witness on the open tundra. On the evening of June 30, accompanied by his associate George Scherff atop Wardenclyffe tower, Tesla aimed his death ray across the Atlantic towards the arctic, to a spot which he calculated was west of the Peary expedition. Tesla switched on the device. At first, it was hard to tell if it was even working. Its extremity emitted a dim light that was barely visible. Then an owl flew from its perch on the tower's pinnacle, soaring into the path of the beam. The bird disintegrated instantly. That concluded the test. Tesla watched the newspapers and sent telegrams to Peary in hopes of confirming the death ray's effectiveness. Nothing turned up. Tesla was ready to admit failure when news came of a strange event in Siberia. On June 30, a massive explosion had devastated Tunguska, a remote area in the Siberian wilderness. Five hundred thousand square acres of land had been instantly destroyed. Equivalent to ten to fifteen megatons of TNT, the Tunguska incident is the most powerful explosion to have occurred in human history -- not even subsequent thermonuclear detonations have surpassed it. The explosion was audible from 620 miles away. Scientists believe it was caused by either a meteorite or a fragment of a comet, although no obvious impact site or mineral remnants of such an object were ever found. Nikola Tesla SAID THAT IT WAS HIS death ray had overshot its intended target and destroyed Tunguska. He was thankful beyond measure that the explosion had -- miraculously -- killed no one. Tesla dismantled the death ray at once, deeming it too dangerous to remain in existence. A generation later, a new invention exactly like this helped the Allies win World War II. It was called radar