Showing posts with label Vedic science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Vedic science. Show all posts

Monday, August 29, 2016

प्राचीन भारत के रहस्य जानकर रह जाएंगे आप हैरान

भारतीय इतिहास के ऐसे कई रहस्य अभी उजागर होना बाकी हैं, जो इतिहास में नहीं पढ़ाए जाते या कि जिनके बारे में इतिहास में झूठ लिखा है। दरअसल, भारत के इतिहास को फिर से लिखे जाने की आवश्यकता है, क्योंकि वर्तमान में पाठ्यपुस्तकों में जो इतिहास पढ़ाया जाता है वह या तो अधूरा है या वह सत्य से बहुत दूर है। 


1.भारतीय इतिहास की शुरुआत को सिंधु घाटी की सभ्यता या फिर बौद्धकाल से जोड़कर नहीं देखा जा सकता। कुछ इतिहासकार इसे सिकंदर के भारत आगमन से जोड़कर देखते हैं। आज जिसे हम भारतीय इतिहास का प्राचीनकाल कहते हैं, दरअसल वह मध्यकाल था और जिसे मध्यकाल कहते हैं वह राजपूत काल है। तब प्राचीन भारत के इतिहास को जानना जरूरी है।

यदि हम मेहरगढ़ संस्कृति और सभ्यता की बात करें तो वह लगभग 7000 से 3300 ईसा पूर्व अस्तित्व में थी जबकि सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता 3300 से 1700 ईसा पूर्व अस्तित्व में थी। प्राचीन भारत के इतिहास की शुरुआत 1200 ईसापूर्व से 240 ईसा पूर्व के बीच नहीं हुई थी। यदि हम धार्मिक इतिहास के लाखों वर्ष प्राचीन इतिहास को न भी मानें तो संस्कृत और कई प्राचीन भाषाओं के इतिहास के तथ्यों के अनुसार प्राचीन भारत के इतिहास की शुरुआत लगभग 13 हजार ईसापूर्व हुई थी अर्थात आज से 15 हजार वर्ष पूर्व।

उक्त 15 हजार वर्षों में भारत ने जहां एक और हिमयुग देखा है तो वहीं उसने जलप्रलय को भी झेला है। उस दौर में भारत में इतना उन्नत, विकसित और सभ्य समाज था जैसा कि आज देखने को मिलता है। इसके अलावा ऐसी कई प्राकृतिक आपदाओं का जिक्र और राजाओं की वंशावली का वर्णन है जिससे भारत के प्राचीन इतिहास की झलक मिलती है। आओ हम जानते हैं प्राचीन भारत के ऐसे 10 रहस्य जिस पर अब विज्ञान भी शोध करने लगा है और अब वह भी इसे सच मानता है। 


2. प्रथम जीव और मानव की जन्मस्थली : कुछ विद्वान मानते हैं कि जब अफ्रीका, अमेरिका और ऑस्ट्रेलिया एक थे तब भारत के एक हिस्से मात्र में डायनासोरों का राज था। लेकिन 50 करोड़ वर्ष पूर्व वह युग बीत गया। प्रथम जीव की उत्पत्ति धरती के पेंजिया भूखंड के काल में गोंडवाना भूमि पर हुई थी। गोंडवाना महाद्वीप एक ऐतिहासिक महाद्वीप था। भू-वैज्ञानिकों के अनुसार लगभग 50 करोड़ वर्ष पहले पृथ्वी पर दो महा-महाद्वीप ही थे। उक्त दो महाद्वीपों को वैज्ञानिकों ने दो नाम दिए। एक का नाम था ‘गोंडवाना लैंड’ और दूसरे का नाम ‘लॉरेशिया लैंड’। गोंडवाना लैंड दक्षिण गोलार्ध में था और उसके टूटने से अंटार्कटिका, ऑस्ट्रेलिया, दक्षिणी अमेरिका और अफ्रीका महाद्वीप का निर्माण हुआ। गोंडवाना लैंड के कुछ हिस्से लॉरेशिया के कुछ हिस्सों से जुड़ गए जिनमें अरब प्रायद्वीप और भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप हैं। गोंडवाना लैंड का नाम भारत के गोंडवाना प्रदेश के नाम पर रखा गया है, क्योंकि यहां शुरुआती जीवन के प्रमाण मिले हैं। फिर 13 करोड़ साल पहले जब यह धरती 5 द्वीपों वाली बन गई, तब जीव-जगत का विस्तार हुआ। उसी विस्तार क्रम में आगे चलकर कुछ लाख वर्ष पूर्व मानव की उत्पत्ति हुई।

3.धरती का पहला मानव कौन था?
जीवन का विकास सर्वप्रथम भारतीय दक्षिण प्रायद्वीप में नर्मदा नदी के तट पर हुआ, जो विश्व की सर्वप्रथम नदी है। यहां डायनासोरों के सबसे प्राचीन अंडे एवं जीवाश्म प्राप्त हुए हैं। भारत के सबसे पुरातन आदिवासी गोंडवाना प्रदेश के गोंड संप्रदाय की पुराकथाओं में भी यही तथ्य वर्णित है। गोंडवाना मध्यभारत का ऐतिहासिक क्षेत्र है जिसमें मध्यप्रदेश, छत्तीसगढ़, आंध्रप्रदेश और महाराष्ट्र राज्य के हिस्से शामिल हैं। गोंड नाम की जाति आर्य धर्म की प्राचीन जातियों में से एक है, जो द्रविड़ समूह से आती है। उल्लेखनीय है कि आर्य नाम की कोई जाति नहीं होती थी। जो भी जाति आर्य धर्म का पालन करती थी उसे आर्य कहा जाता था।


पहला मानव : प्राचीन भारत के इतिहास के अनुसार मानव कई बार बना और कई बार फना हो गया। एक मन्वंतर के काल तक मानव सभ्यता जीवित रहती है और फिर वह काल बीत जाने पर संपूर्ण धरती अपनी प्रारंभिक अवस्था में पहुंच जाती है। लेकिन यह तो हुई धर्म की बात इसमें सत्य और तथ्य कितना है?

दुनिया व भारत के सभी ग्रंथ यही मानते हैं कि मानव की उत्पत्ति भारत में हुई थी। हालांकि भारतीय ग्रंथों में मानव की उत्पत्ति के दो सिद्धांत मिलते हैं- पहला मानव को ब्रह्मा ने बनाया था और दूसरा मनुष्य का जन्म क्रमविकास का परिणाम है। प्राचीनकाल में मनुष्य आज के मनुष्य जैसा नहीं था। जलवायु परिवर्तन के चलते उसमें भी बदलाव होते गए।

हालांकि ग्रंथ कहते हैं कि इस मन्वंतर के पहले मानव की उत्पत्ति वितस्ता नदी की शाखा देविका नदी के तट पर हुई थी। यह नदी कश्मीर में है। वेद के अनुसार प्रजापतियों के पुत्रों से ही धरती पर मानव की आबादी हुई। आज धरती पर जितने भी मनुष्य हैं सभी प्रजापतियों की संतानें हैं।

4.संस्कृत भाषा और ब्राह्मी लिपि : संस्कृत विश्व की सबसे प्राचीन भाषा है तथा समस्त भारतीय भाषाओं की जननी है। ‘संस्कृत’ का शाब्दिक अर्थ है ‘परिपूर्ण भाषा’। संस्कृत से पहले दुनिया छोटी-छोटी, टूटी-फूटी बोलियों में बंटी थी जिनका कोई व्याकरण नहीं था और जिनका कोई भाषा कोष भी नहीं था। कुछ बोलियों ने संस्कृत को देखकर खुद को विकसित किया और वे भी एक भाषा बन गईं।


सभी भाषाओं की जननी संस्कृत

ब्राह्मी और देवनागरी लिपि : भाषा को लिपियों में लिखने का प्रचलन भारत में ही शुरू हुआ। भारत से इसे सुमेरियन, बेबीलोनीयन और यूनानी लोगों ने सीखा। प्राचीनकाल में ब्राह्मी और देवनागरी लिपि का प्रचलन था। ब्राह्मी और देवनागरी लिपियों से ही दुनियाभर की अन्य लिपियों का जन्म हुआ। ब्राह्मी लिपि एक प्राचीन लिपि है जिससे कई एशियाई लिपियों का विकास हुआ है। महान सम्राट अशोक ने ब्राह्मी लिपि को धम्मलिपि नाम दिया था। ब्राह्मी लिपि को देवनागरी लिपि से भी प्राचीन माना जाता है। कहा जाता है कि यह प्राचीन सिन्धु-सरस्वती लिपि से निकली लिपि है। हड़प्पा संस्कृति के लोग इस लिपि का इस्तेमाल करते थे, तब संस्कृत भाषा को भी इसी लिपि में लिखा जाता था।

शोधकर्ताओं के अनुसार देवनागरी, बांग्ला लिपि, उड़िया लिपि, गुजराती लिपि, गुरुमुखी, तमिल लिपि, मलयालम लिपि, सिंहल लिपि, कन्नड़ लिपि, तेलुगु लिपि, तिब्बती लिपि, रंजना, प्रचलित नेपाल, भुंजिमोल, कोरियाली, थाई, बर्मेली, लाओ, खमेर, जावानीज, खुदाबादी लिपि, यूनानी लिपि आदि सभी लिपियों की जननी है ब्राह्मी लिपि।

कहते हैं कि चीनी लिपि 5,000 वर्षों से ज्यादा प्राचीन है। मेसोपोटामिया में 4,000 वर्ष पूर्व क्यूनीफॉर्म लिपि प्रचलित थी। इसी तरह भारतीय लिपि ब्राह्मी के बारे में भी कहा जाता है। जैन पौराणिक कथाओं में वर्णन है कि सभ्यता को मानवता तक लाने वाले पहले तीर्थंकर ऋषभदेव की एक बेटी थी जिसका नाम ब्राह्मी था और कहा जाता है कि उसी ने लेखन की खोज की। यही कारण है कि उसे ज्ञान की देवी सरस्वती के साथ जोड़ते हैं। हिन्दू धर्म में सरस्वती को शारदा भी कहा जाता है, जो ब्राह्मी से उद्भूत उस लिपि से संबंधित है, जो करीब 1500 वर्ष से अधिक पुरानी है।

केरल के एर्नाकुलम जिले में कलादी के समीप कोट्टानम थोडू के आसपास के इलाकों से मिली कुछ कलात्मक वस्तुओं पर ब्राह्मी लिपि खुदी हुई पाई गई है, जो नवपाषाणकालीन है। यह खोज इलाके में महापाषाण और नवपाषाण संस्कृति के अस्तित्व पर प्रकाश डालती है। पत्थर से बनी इन वस्तुओं का अध्ययन विश्वविद्यालय अनुदान आयोग के वैज्ञानिक और केरल विश्वविद्यालय के इतिहास विभाग के पुरातत्वविद डॉ. पी. राजेन्द्रन द्वारा किया गया। ये वस्तुएं एर्नाकुलम जिले में मेक्कालादी के अंदेथ अली के संग्रह का हिस्सा हैं। राजेन्द्रन ने बताया कि मैंने कलादी में कोट्टायन के आसपास से अली द्वारा संग्रहीत कलात्मक वस्तुओं के विशाल भंडार का अध्ययन किया। इन वस्तुओं में नवपाषणकालीन और महापाषाणकालीन से संबंधित वस्तुएं भी हैं। उन्होंने बताया कि नवपाषाणकलीन कुल्हाड़ियों का अध्ययन करने के बाद पाया गया कि ऐसी 18 कुल्हाड़ियों में से 3 पर गुदी हुई लिपि ब्राह्मी लिपि है। 

5. अनिरुद्ध जोशी ‘शतायु’|
दुनिया की सबसे प्राचीन सभ्यता सिंधु-सरस्वती : प्राचीन दुनिया में कुछ नदियां प्रमुख नदियां थीं जिनमें एक ओर सिंधु-सरस्वती और गंगा और नर्मदा थीं, तो दूसरी ओर दजला-फरात और नील नदियां थीं। दुनिया की प्रारंभिक मानव आबादी इन नदियों के पास ही बसी थीं जिसमें सिंधु और सरस्वती नदी के किनारे बसी सभ्यता सबसे समृद्ध, सभ्य और बुद्धिमान थी। इसके कई प्रमाण मौजूद हैं। दुनिया का पहला धार्मिक ग्रंथ सरस्वती नदी के किनारे बैठकर ही लिखा गया था।

क्या सचमुच भारत में बहती थी सरस्वती नदी?

सिन्धु-सरस्वती घाटी की सभ्यता का रहस्य जानिए…

एक और जहां दजला और फरात नदी के किनारे मोसोपोटामिया, सुमेरियन, असीरिया और बेबीलोन सभ्यता का विकास हुआ तो दूसरी ओर मिस्र की सभ्यता का विकास 3400 ईसा पूर्व नील नदी के किनारे हुआ। इसी तरह भारत में एक ओर सिंधु और सरस्वती नदी के किनारे सिंधु, हड़प्पा, मोहनजोदड़ो आदि सभ्यताओं का विकास हुआ तो दूसरी ओर गंगा और नर्मदा के किनारे प्राचीन भारत का समाज निर्मित हुआ। 

प्राप्त शोधानुसार सिंधु और सरस्वती नदी के बीच जो सभ्यता बसी थी वह दुनिया की सबसे प्राचीन और समृद्ध सभ्यता थी। यह वर्तमान में अफगानिस्तान से भारत तक फैली थी। प्राचीनकाल में जितनी विशाल नदी सिंधु थी उससे कई ज्यादा विशाल नदी सरस्वती थी। 

शोधानुसार यह सभ्यता लगभग 9,000 ईसा पूर्व अस्तित्व में आई थी और 3,000 ईसापूर्व उसने स्वर्ण युग देखा और लगभग 1800 ईसा पूर्व आते-आते यह लुप्त हो गया। कहा जाता है कि 1,800 ईसा पूर्व के आसपास किसी भयानक प्राकृतिक आपदा के कारण एक और जहां सरस्वती नदी लुप्त हो गई वहीं दूसरी ओर इस क्षेत्र के लोगों ने पश्चिम की ओर पलायन कर दिया। पुरात्ववेत्ता मेसोपोटामिया (5000- 300 ईसापूर्व) को सबसे प्राचीन बताते हैं, लेकिन अभी सरस्वती सभ्यता पर शोध किए जाने की आवश्यकता है।

6. धर्म आधारित व्यवस्था : सैकड़ों हजार वर्ष पूर्व लोग कबीले, समुदाय, घुमंतू वनवासी आदि में रहकर जीवन-यापन करते थे और उनकी भिन्न-भिन्न विचारधाराएं थीं। उनके पास कोई स्पष्ट न तो शासन व्यवस्था थी और न ही कोई सामाजिक व्यवस्था। परिवार, संस्कार और धर्म की समझ तो बिलकुल नहीं थी। ऐसे में भारतीय हिमालयीन क्षेत्र में कुछ मुट्ठीभर लोग थे, जो इस संबंध में सोचते थे। उन्होंने ही वेद को सुना और उसे मानव समाज को सुनाया। जब कई मानव समूह 5,000 साल पहले ही घुमंतू वनवासी या जंगलवासी थे, भारतीय सिंधु घाटी में हड़प्पा संस्कृति की स्थापना हो चुकी थी। उल्लेखनीय है कि प्राचीनकाल से ही भारतीय समाज कबीले में नहीं रहा। वह एक वृहत्तर और विशेष समुदाय में ही रहा।

धर्म और सभ्यता का आविष्कारक देश भारत : दुनियाभर की प्राचीन सभ्यताओं से हिन्दू धर्म का क्या कनेक्शन था? या कि संपूर्ण धरती पर हिन्दू वैदिक धर्म ने ही लोगों को सभ्य बनाने के लिए अलग-अलग क्षेत्रों में धार्मिक विचारधारा की नए-नए रूप में स्थापना की थी? आज दुनियाभर की धार्मिक संस्कृति और समाज में हिन्दू धर्म की झलक देखी जा सकती है चाहे वह यहूदी धर्म हो, पारसी धर्म हो या ईसाई-इस्लाम धर्म हो।

विश्व की प्राचीन सभ्यताएं और हिन्दू धर्म, जानिए रहस्य…

ईसा से 2300-2150 वर्ष पूर्व सुमेरिया, 2000-400 वर्ष पूर्व बेबिलोनिया, 2000-250 ईसा पूर्व ईरान, 2000-150 ईसा पूर्व मिस्र (इजिप्ट), 1450-500 ईसा पूर्व असीरिया, 1450-150 ईसा पूर्व ग्रीस (यूनान), 800-500 ईसा पूर्व रोम की सभ्यताएं विद्यमान थीं। उक्त सभी से पूर्व महाभारत का युद्ध लड़ा गया था इसका मतलब कि 3500 ईसा पूर्व भारत में एक पूर्ण विकसित सभ्यता थी।

भारत का ‘धर्म’ दुनियाभर में अलग-अलग नामों से प्रचलित था। अरब और अफ्रीका में जहां सामी, सबाईन, मुशरिक, यजीदी, अश्शूर, तुर्क, हित्ती, कुर्द, पैगन आदि इस धर्म के मानने वाले समाज थे तो रोम, रूस, चीन व यूनान के प्राचीन समाज के लोग सभी किसी न किसी रूप में हिन्दू धर्म का पालन करते थे। ईसाई और बाद में इस्लाम के उत्थान काल में ये सभी समाज हाशिए पर धकेल दिए गए।

‘मैक्सिको’ शब्द संस्कृत के ‘मक्षिका’ शब्द से आता है और मैक्सिको में ऐसे हजारों प्रमाण मिलते हैं जिनसे यह सिद्ध होता है। जीसस क्राइस्ट्स से बहुत पहले वहां पर हिन्दू धर्म प्रचलित था- कोलंबस तो बहुत बाद में आया। सच तो यह है कि अमेरिका, विशेषकर दक्षिण-अमेरिका एक ऐसे महाद्वीप का हिस्सा था जिसमें अफ्रीका भी सम्मिलित था। भारत ठीक मध्य में था।

अफ्रीका में 6,000 वर्ष पुराना एक शिव मंदिर पाया गया और चीन, इंडोनेशिया, मलेशिया, लाओस, जापान में हजारों वर्ष पुरानी विष्णु, राम और हनुमान की प्रतिमाएं मिलना इस बात के सबूत हैं कि हिन्दू धर्म संपूर्ण धरती पर था।

भारत में रहते थे एलियंस : प्राचीन अंतरिक्ष विज्ञान के संबंध में खोज करने वाले एरिक वॉन डेनिकन तो यही मानते हैं कि भारत में ऐसी कई जगहें हैं, जहां एलियंस रहते थे जिन्हें वे आकाश के देवता कहते हैं।

7. भारत में ‘एलियंस’ के उतरने के सात स्थान, जानिए

हाल ही में भारत के एक खोजी दल ने कुछ गुफाओं में ऐसे भित्तिचित्र देखे हैं, जो कई हजार वर्ष पुराने हैं। प्रागैतिहासिक शैलचित्रों के शोध में जुटी एक संस्था ने रायसेन के करीब 70 किलोमीटर दूर घने जंगलों के शैलचित्रों के आधार पर अनुमान जताया है कि प्रदेश के इस हिस्से में दूसरे ग्रहों के प्राणी ‘एलियन’ आए होंगे।
प्राचीन अस्त्र-शस्त्रों के बारे में विस्तार से जानने के लिए आगे क्लिक करें… कैसे थे प्राचीन अस्त्र-शस्त्र और कौन से, जानिए…

उदाहरण के तौर पर एरिक वॉन अपनी बेस्ट सेलर पुस्तक ‘चैरियट्स ऑफ गॉड्स’ में लिखते हैं, ‘लगभग 5,000 वर्ष पुरानी महाभारत के तत्कालीन कालखंड में कोई योद्धा किसी ऐसे अस्त्र के बारे में कैसे जानता था जिसे चलाने से 12 साल तक उस धरती पर सूखा पड़ जाता, ऐसा कोई अस्त्र जो इतना शक्तिशाली हो कि वह माताओं के गर्भ में पलने वाले शिशु को भी मार सके? इसका अर्थ है कि ऐसा कुछ न कुछ तो था जिसका ज्ञान आगे नहीं बढ़ाया गया अथवा लिपिबद्ध नहीं हुआ और गुम हो गया।’

प्राचीन भारतीय खेलों की दुनिया में धूम : प्राचीन भारत बहुत ही समृद्ध और सभ्य देश था, जहां हर तरह के अत्याधुनिक हथियार थे, तो वहीं मानव के मनोरंजन के भरपूर साधन भी थे। एक ओर जहां शतरंज का आविष्कार भारत में हुआ वहीं फुटबॉल खेल का जन्म भी भारत में ही हुआ है। भगवान कृष्ण की गेंद यमुना में चली जाने का किस्सा बहुत चर्चित है तो दूसरी ओर भगवान राम के पतंग उड़ाने का उल्लेख भी मिलता है।

8. Footballकहने का तात्पर्य यह कि ऐसा कोई-सा खेल या मनोरंजन का साधन नहीं है जिसका आविष्कार भारत में न हुआ हो। भारत में प्राचीनकाल से ही ज्ञान को अत्यधिक महत्व दिया गया है। कला, विज्ञान, गणित और ऐसे अनगिनत क्षेत्र हैं जिनमें भारतीय योगदान है।

srishtanews.com

Monday, December 21, 2015

Shocking scientific inventions by ancient saints!

Shocking scientific inventions by ancient saints!
    Indian Scriptures have answers that 
modern science needs? 
 During the growth of the 
ancient civilizations, ancient 
te...
  1. 1. Shocking Scientific Inventions by Ancient Saints! Our Rich Heritage !!!
  2. 2. Indian Scriptures have answers that modern science needs?  During the growth of the ancient civilizations, ancient technology was the result of incredible advances in engineering in ancient times.  These advances in the history of technology stimulated societies to adopt new ways of living and governance.  However, many ancient inventions were forgotten, lost to the pages of history, only to be re-invented millennia later.  Here are the best examples of ancient technology and inventions that demonstrate the ingenuity of our ancient ancestors.  So, get ready to be awed...
  3. 3. Saints or scientists?  The land of India is known to be the land of saints and Gods. It is filled with various types of unexplainable things.  In ancient times, various saints after doing years of hard meditation, their work and with their patience found the secrets hidden in the Vedas 1,000 years ago.  These inventions later came to be known as modern science.  Some of the saints came out with such amazing inventions that shocked the kings of those times as well.  Click on to know…
  4. 4. The Indian Sage who developed Atomic Theory 2,600 years ago  John Dalton (1766 – 1844), an English chemist and physicist, is the man credited today with the development of atomic theory.  However, a theory of atoms was actually formulated 2,500 years before Dalton by an Indian sage and philosopher, known as Acharya Kanad.  Acharya Kanad was born in 600 BC in Prabhas Kshetra (near Dwaraka) in Gujarat, India. His real name was Kashyap. It was Kanada who originated the idea that anu (atom) was an indestructible particle of matter.
  5. 5. The Indian Sage who developed Atomic Theory 2,600 years ago II  An interesting story states that this theory occurred to him while he was walking with food in his hand.  As he nibbled at the food in his hand, throwing away the small particles, it occurred to him that he could not divide the food into further parts and thus the idea of a matter which cannot be divided further came into existence.  He called that indivisible matter anu, i.e. molecule, which was misinterpreted as atom.  He also stated that anu can have two states - Absolute rest and a State of motion.
  6. 6. Newton’s Law… 1200 Years before Newton  “Objects fall on the earth due to a force of attraction by the earth. Therefore, the earth, planets, constellations, moon and sun are held in orbit due to this attraction.”  The meaning of these lines is parallel to that of Newton’s Law of Gravity.  But these lines are not said by the European scientist. They are said by an Indian - in Surya Siddhanta, dated 400-500 AD, the ancient Hindu astronomer Bhaskaracharya states these lines.  Approximately 1200 years later (1687 AD), Sir Isaac Newton rediscovered this phenomenon and called it the Law of Gravity.
  7. 7. Acharya Charak: Father of Medicine  Acharya Charak has been crowned as the Father of Medicine. His renowned work, the "Charak Samhita," is considered as an encyclopedia of Ayurveda.  His principles, diagnoses, and cures retain their potency and truth even after a couple of millennium.  When the science of anatomy was confused with different theories in Europe, Acharya Charak revealed through his innate genius and inquires the facts on human anatomy, embryology, pharmacology, blood circulation and diseases like diabetes, tuberculosis, heart disease, etc.
  8. 8. Charak Samhita  In the "Charak Samhita" he has described the medicinal qualities and functions of 100,000 herbal plants.  He has emphasized the influence of diet and activity on mind and body.  He has proved the correlation of spirituality and physical health contributed greatly to diagnostic and curative sciences.  He has also prescribed and ethical charter for medical practitioners two centuries prior to the Oath.  Through his genius and intuition, Acharya Charak forever remains etched in the annals of history as one of the greatest and noblest of rishi-scientists.
  9. 9. Sage Bharadwaj  In 1875, the Vymaanika- Shaastra, a fourth century BC text written by Maharshi Bhardwaj, was discovered in a temple in India.  The book dealt with the operation of ancient vimanas and included information on steering, precautions for long flights, protection of the airships from storms and lightning, and how to switch the drive to solar energy, or some other “free energy” source. Vimanas were said to take off vertically or dirigible.  Bharadwaj the Wise refers to no less than 70 authorities and 10 experts of air travel in antiquity.
  10. 10. Rishi Kanva  The science of wind has been explained by Sage Kanva in Rigveda sections 8/41/6 in Jagati meter of God wind.  Sage Kashyapa has described the features and properties of this substance in Rigveda 9/64/26 in the hymns of God Pavamana Soma in meter Gayatri.  Kanva was a great Rishi, a descendent of Sage Angirasa.  He looked after Shakuntala when she was abandoned by her mother and father (rishi vishwamitra). Bharat, the son of Shakuntala was also brought up by him.
  11. 11. Sage Kapil Muni: Author of the Sankhya Darshan  Kapil muni was born equipped with rare intellect, dispassion and spiritual powers.  He authored Sankhya Darshan that defined the term "Dhyaan or Meditation" as “the state of mind when remains without any subjectivity / objectivity i.e. without any thought (when the mind is away from worldly objects), is called the "Dhyaan or Meditation”.  He teaches that there is an unbroken continuity from the lowest inorganic to the highest organic forms.  The source of world according to him is Prakriti (fundamental nature).
  12. 12. Kapil Muni: Finding how the Universe was created  According to Kapil Muni, there are twenty-five principles responsible for the manifestation of the Creation (Samasara), out of which Purusha and Prakriti are eternal and independent of each other.  Kapila is not concerned to deny the reality of personal God or Maheshwara. Yet his assertion is that, no arguments can irrefutably establish God's reality.  Therefore, in his model of creation the Purusha (Spirit) and Prakrity (matter) are held solely responsible for creation, without acknowledging an Almighty and intelligent Creator, the God.
  13. 13. Patanjali: The Father of Yoga  The Science of Yoga is one of several unique contributions of India to the world.  It seeks to discover and realize the ultimate Reality through yogic practices.  Acharya Patanjali, prescribed the control of prana (life breath) as the means to control the body, mind and soul.  This subsequently rewards one with good health and inner happiness.  His 84 yogic postures effectively enhance the efficiency of the respiratory, circulatory, nervous, digestive and endocrine systems and many other organs of the body.
  14. 14. Aryabhatt  He was a master Astronomer and Mathematician, born in 476 CE in Kusumpur (Bihar).  In 499 CE, he wrote a text on astronomy and an unparallel treatise on mathematics called "Aryabhatiyam"  He formulated the process of calculating the motion of planets and the time of eclipses.  Aryabhatt was the first to proclaim that the earth is round, it rotates on its axis, orbits the sun and is suspended in space - 1,000 years before Copernicus published his heliocentric theory.
  15. 15. Sushruta  Born to sage Vishwamitra, Sushruta is the father of surgery.  2600 years ago, he and health scientists of his time conducted complicated surgeries like cesareans, cataract, artificial limbs, Rhinoplasty (restoration of a damaged nose), 12 types of fractures, 6 types of dislocations, urinary stones and even plastic surgery and brain surgery.  Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India.  He is the author of the book "Sushruta Samhita", in which he describes over 300 surgical procedures and 125 surgical instruments.
  16. 16. Bhaskaracharya  He calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart;  Time taken by earth to orbit the sun: (5th century) 365.258756484 days.  Born in the obscure village of Vijjadit (Jalgaon) in Maharastra, Bhaskaracharya's mathematical works called "Lilavati" and "Bijaganita" are considered to be unparalleled.  In his treatise "Siddhant Shiromani" he writes on planetary positions, eclipses, cosmography, mathematical techniques and astronomical equipment.  In the "Surya Siddhant" he makes a note on the force of gravity.
  17. 17. Varahamihira  Varahamihir's book "panch siddhant", noted that the moon and planets are lustrous not because of their own light but due to sunlight.  In the "Bruhad Samhita" and "Bruhad Jatak", he has revealed his discoveries in the domains of geography, constellation, science, botany and animal science.  In his treatise on botanical science, Varahamihir presents cures for various diseases afflicting plants and trees.
  18. 18. The galaxy is oval, Earth is spherical  Yajur Vedic verse: "Brahmaanda vyapta deha bhasitha himaruja..." describing Shiva as the one who is spread out in Brahmaanda.  Anda means an egg depicting the shape of the galaxy.  It was the middle east Europians and Greeks who wrongly believed that earth was flat.  But Indians, since long have always known that it was spherical.  In many scriptures, the word Bhoogola is used, Gola meaning round.
  19. 19. Existence of Atomic and Sub atomic particles  The world accounts discovery of atoms and sub atomic particles to Western scientists who coined these words and theories only in the early 17th century.  An excerpt from Lalitha Sahasranama, told by Hayagreeva to Agasthya muni, dating back to the distant ages of the past,describes the Goddess as the super consciousness/Brahman that pervades even the sub atomic particles within matter.  "Paranjyotih parandhamah paramanuh paratpara". The word "anuvu" means atom.  Paramanu is sub-atomic particle, finer than the finest of atom, meaning electrons and the others.
  20. 20. Ancient times and nuclear weapons  Radiation still so intense, the area is highly dangerous!  A heavy layer of radioactive ash in Rajasthan, India, covers a three-square mile area, ten miles west of Jodhpur.  For some time it has been established that there is a very high rate of birth defects and cancer in the area under construction.  Scientists have unearthed an ancient city where evidence shows an atomic blast dating back thousands of years, from 8,000 to 12,000 years, destroying everything most of the buildings and probably a half-million people.
  21. 21. Ancient times and nuclear weapons II  The Mahabharata clearly describes a catastrophic blast that rocked the continent.  "A single projectile charged with all the power in the Universe...An incandescent column of smoke and flame as bright as 10,000 suns, rose in all its splendor...  it was an unknown weapon, an iron thunderbolt, a gigantic messenger of death which reduced to ashes an entire race.”  Historian Kisori Mohan Ganguli says that Indian sacred writings are full of such descriptions.
  22. 22. Ancient ultrasound machines?  Using a variety of complicated instruments, gynecologists have gradually come to know how the embryo grows during the period of pregnancy.  But the Shrimad Bhagavatam, 3rd canto, 30th chapter, gives a vivid description of the growth of the embryo in the mother's womb.  If we compare the information given therein with the information given in a standard textbook such as the embryology section of Gray's Anatomy, there are striking similarities in the information obtained from the two sources.
  23. 23. Ancient science knows more than modern science?  The Vedas claim that there are living entities everywhere - even in fire.  Modern science, however, presumed that no life could exist in fire.  This presumption is in fact the basis for the process of sterilization.  But recent advancements in the field of medicine have shown that microbes called 'fire bacteria' survive even in fire.
  24. 24. The incredible powers of the ancient Siddharshi!  Siddharshi are a type of saint in India who are said to have had many powers and achieved a ‘god-like’ state through specific secret practices that were known only to them.  These powers spanned from controlling time and space, to transforming the body, manipulating matter at the molecular level and achieving immortality.  The Siddharshi were followers of the God Shiva and according to different texts there were 18 of them.  Their teachings and findings were written in the form of poems in the Tamil language.
  25. 25. Who were Siddharshi?  There is a debate as to who was the first Siddharshi.  Some legends talk about Sri Pathanjali, who was considered to be an incarnation of Adiseshan, the celestial five-headed snake associated with God Vishnu.  But the prevailing tradition refers to Agasthya (or Agasthyar) as the first Siddharshi, one of the seven sages (or Saptarshis) as mentioned in the Vedic texts, and he was the son of the god Brahma of the Hindu creation story.
  26. 26. Siddhas or scientists?  Agathiyar is considered to be the author of a lot of the first Siddha literature and he was supposed to have lived in the 7th century BC.  About 96 books are attributed to him and that includes writings in alchemy, medicine and spirituality.  Apart from the legends that exist, the beginnings of the Siddhars’ are lost in time.
  27. 27. Ashta Siddhis of Siddhas  The powers that the Siddhars possessed were separated in categories.  The main category included 8 powers called ashta siddhis:  To become tiny as the atom within the atom (Anima);  To become big in unshakeable proportions (Mahima);  To become as light as vapour in levitation (Laghima);  To become as heavy as the mountain (Garima);  To enter into other bodies in transmigration (Prapti);  To be in all things, omni-pervasive (Prakamya);  To be lord of all creation in omnipotence (Isatvam);  To be everywhere in omnipresence (Vasitvam)
  28. 28. Ten Siddhis of Siddhas  There are ten secondary siddhis as described in Bhagavata Purana that include the following:  Being undisturbed by hunger, thirst, and other bodily appetites;  Hearing things far away;  Seeing things far away;  Moving the body wherever thought goes (teleportation/astral projection);  Assuming any form desired;  Entering the bodies of others;  Dying when one desires;  Witnessing and participating in the past times of the gods;  Perfect accomplishment of one's determination;  Orders or commands being unimpeded
  29. 29. Ancient science and Siddhas  A famous Siddha was Tirumular, who was a Tamil mystic and writer of 6th century AD and was also one of the 18 Siddhas according to the Tamil Siddha tradition.  His main work is named “Tirumantiram”, a 3,000 verse text, which is the foundation of the Southern Shaiva Siddharta School of philosophy.  Another Siddha, Bhogar (Bhoganathar), who lived between the 3rd and 5th century AD is said to have discovered the elixir of immortality – one his main works is the Pharmacognosy.
  30. 30. The mystery remains…!  Due to the closely-guarded nature of the Siddhar records, the original knowledge of this enigmatic group of saints has remained shrouded in secrecy.  The question remains whether their powers were real and, if so, how they managed to attain them.  Manipulating space, time and matter would require knowledge far beyond what we have today.
  31. 31. Be Proud To Be An Indian Jai Bharatvarsh!!!

Thursday, July 23, 2015

Shiva Lingam and Snake-Scientific explanation


Lord Shiva is known as Mahadev due to the instinct characteristics which he represents. The form in which Lord shiva is represented is called a Ling. Infact, Lord Shiva is the fundamental god. He is known as prajapati Shiva. There is no origin or form which can be associated with Shiva. Man needs a symbol to worship so the ling was created “Ling means symbol”. For example Vishnu’s Ling is a chakra or if someone was wearing a stethoscope you would say he was a doctor. A ling is only a symbol to identify something. This symbol that we call a Shivling has behind it a scientific explanation. 

The beginning of life is called Hiranyagarbha. This is the thread or formula of life which is complete in itself and reproduces itself without any organ. It multiplies itself from 1 to 2, then from 2 to 4 and so on. It is the basic culture of any form of life. It can be compared to DNA which contains the genetic code. It is indestructible, reproduces itself and contains the specifications of any generation. So, how did our ancestors explain DNA? The structure of DNA as we know was first described by scientists in 1953. Nobody had imagined this type of structure. It is also difficult to explain the structure of DNA to a common man. Now we can see the 3D structures with movements on TV. Before that, it was imagined as a et of two spiral interwined staircases. Our rishis saw this structure through their meditation and explained it the same way modern science explains DNA. They concluded that it was helical, produced itself, and according to our scriptures, it first originated from Lord Shiva.

The rishis imagined that Prajapati must have created a mound first. You have to make a mound before creating anything, for example, a clay mound for a statue and a store mound for a sculpture. Our rishis had imagined this round mound, the Shivling, was wrapped with a snake, which might model DNA. To describe more complex DNA, a pair of snakes wrapped around each other can be visualized to represent a double helix, as rishis explained. The rishis also said that it was the base structure and entire nature began with it. This was determined by our rishis to be the fundamental and elemental point with which any life form could being.

Modern science corroborates the findings of our scriptures that DNA is like a thread and is so small that it can not be seen with naked eyes it reproduces itself by multiplying itself and cannot be destroyed. An object can be destroyed, but its DNA will exist in one form or another. The properties suggested for DNA by modern science had also been suggested in our scripture. So the Shivling is not just a mere symbol. Our rishis wanted to give a message to the masses that you can see the smallest form of nature in the form of the Shivling. The Shivling represents the atomic structure. When they created the Shivling it was imagined that there was one Hari and one Har in the ling. Har is shiva, and Hari is Vishnu. shiva and Vishnu are present in this Ling. Jalhari has three lines because three signifies “multiple” in Sanskrit. In our atomic structure, there are protons and neutrons which are surrounded by fast spinning electrons.




Our rishis imagined that this ling has Har (neutron) and Hari (proton) inside, and Brahma (electron) spins around them in the form of Jalhari. Brahma is tied with Haari by a thread through his navel and cannot go too far. He is attached with Hari after creating nature and looks after nature. Har (Shiva) is unattached and in meditation in the Himalayas. He becomes destroyer when necessary. Everything is created by protons and electrons and electrons play the major role. A change in the number of electrons changes the dimensions and properties. Brahma is similar in nature. Har is neutral and is sitting in the nucleus with all the energy. Energy is released by breaking the nucleus also known by our modern science as atomic fission. According to our rishis, Shiva has the energy within as long as Shiva is in meditation.

Once we make Shiva angry which can be compared to breaking the nucleus, the energy is released in the form of Durga. This energy is indeed the atomic energy as explained by the modern science. The force of Shiva , which we call Rudrani, is always with him. It is described in the Mahabarat by Maharishi Vashishtha that he saw this Rudrani . He saw a huge black shadow dancing in the sky around Lord Shiva, who blinded his eyes. It was so powerful and huge that he could not see the beginning or end and even after running with his mind till the end of time. There is a colossal energy constantly dancing around Lord Shiva. This dance can be compared with electrons spinning and revolving around the nucleus. If a neutron is separated from its nucleus, a destructive force is released, just like if this surrounding energy is separated from Lord Shiva . If Lord Shiva desires, he can release this energy.

You must have seen that the nuclear reactors resemble a Svivling in the shape like a mound, and all the radioactive particles are constantly kept under water. The hard water and soft water are formed there. This water becomes radioactive. Water is constantly sprinkled on the Shivling to control Shiva’s temper, reflecting a nuclear reactor. In terms of modern science, it is supposed to represent the nuclear reactor. This water from the Shivling is not used as prasad or even as holy water. This could be compared to the water used for cooling the nuclear reactors which is also not used for nay other purposes. This water from Shivling flows freely from the jalhari in a stream from a corner of the Ling. One cannot go around the Shivling as it is beyond a human being to really go around or comprehend this tremendous power. This also shows humans their limitations within which we need to live.

We can see the smallest form of this in a Shivling and also the colossal form in our galaxy. If you look at the pictures of nebulae or galaxies, you will see the mound, which is called the Shivling and the jalahari around it. This is in the reality pictures taken fron space show a clear picture of Shivling as described in our scriptures. shiva is referred to as “bhole” meaning simple and can be pleased by little worship. Once he is happy, he gives boons without thinking of the worshipper’s worthiness. Still one must follow the right path for if you are on a wrong path even by mistake and Shiva is not pleased with you, no one can save you. Shiva is pleased very easily and at the same time, is enormously powerful. One should worship him only after understanding his great power. One who has power can pass it on to others and anyone can receive it. It is critical that you understand the colossal power of Shiva.

https://sites.google.com/site/vvmpune/essay-of-dr-p-v-vartak/shiva-lingam
http://umangpateriya.blogspot.in/2010/06/science-behind-shivling.htmlhttp://umangpateriya.blogspot.in/2010/06/science-behind-shivling.html

Ancient India and its role in science-Reminder

Ancient India contributed to what science is today. After havoc created by occupying forces of Islamist, Greek, British, Europeans from beginning of this century, where islamist and Christians burned many scientific books, India did loose its edge in science. NOW time is changing for India to come and lead world again- 1. India invented the Number system. Pingalacharya invented ‘zero.’ in 200 BC.

2. Indians discovered the size, shape, rotation and gravity of earth about 1000 years before Kelvin,Galileo,Newton and 

Copper Nicus. Aryabhatta I was the first to explain spherical shape,size ,diameter,rotaion and correct speed of Earth in 499 

AD.

3. Newton’s law of Gravitational force is an ancient Indian discovery. In Siddhanta Siromani ( Bhuvanakosam 6 ) 

Bhaskaracharya II described about gravity of earth about 400 years before Sir Isaac Newton.

4. Bhaskaracharya II discovered Differential calculus.
***(http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Projects/Pearce/Chapters/Ch8_5.html)
***(http://veda.wikidot.com/bhaskaracharya)

5. Theory of Continued Fraction was discovered by Bhaskaracharya II.

6. The place value system, the decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC.

7. Indians discovered Arithmetic and Geometric progression. Arithmetic progression is explained in Yajurveda.

8. Govindaswamin discovered Newton Gauss Interpolation formula about 1800 years before Newton.

9. Vateswaracharya discovered Newton Gauss Backward Interpolation formula about 1000 years before Newton.

10. Madhavacharya discovered Taylor series of Sine and Cosine function about 250 years before Taylor.

11. Madhavacharya discovered Newton Power series.

12. Madhavacharya discovered Gregory Leibnitz series for the Inverse Tangent about 280 years before Gregory.

13. Madhavacharya discovered Leibnitz power series for pi about 300 years before Leibnitz.

14. Parameswaracharya discovered Lhuiler’s formula about 400 years before Lhuiler.

15. Nilakanta discovered Newton’s Infinite Geometric Progression convergent series.
***(http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=fec_1319064671&comments=1)

16. Theorems relating the diameter,volume and circumference of circles discovered by Madhavacharya, Puthumana 

Somayaji, Aryabhatta, Bhaskaracharya…….

17. The value of pi was first calculated by Aryabhatta I in 499 AD,ie more than 1350 years before Lindemann

18. Boudhayana discovered Pythagorus Theorem in 800BC. ie 300 years before Pythagorus.

19. Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India. Quadratic equations were by Sridharacharya in the 11th Century.

20. While the Greeks were using only upto a maximum value 1000, Indians could go upto 18th power of 10 level during 

Vedic period.

21. Infinity was well known for ancient Indians. BhaskaracharyaII in Beejaganitha (stanza-20) has given clear explanation 

with examples for infinity

22. Positive and Negative numbers and their calculations were explained first by Brahmagupta in his book Brahmasputa 

Siddhanta.
***(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%81hmasphu%E1%B9%ADasiddh%C4%81nta)

23. Sterling formula was discovered by Brahmagupta about 1000 years before Sterling.
***(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagupta)
***(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagupta's_interpolation_formula)

24. Demovier’s theorem of positive integral was discovered by Brahmagupta in 628 A.D, i.e around 1000 years before 

Demovier.

25. Puthumana Somayaji discovered Demovier’s infinite series in 1140 AD,i.e more than 200 years before Demovier.
***(http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=fec_1319064671)

26. Maharshi Sushruta is the father of surgery. 2600 years ago he and health scientists of his time conducted surgeries like 

cesareans, cataract, fractures and urinary stones. Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India. He was the first 

person to perform plastic surgery.

27. When many cultures in the world were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan 

culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilization).

28. The world’s first University was established in Takshila in 700BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world 

studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century BC was one of the greatest achievements 

of ancient India in the field of education.

29. According to the Forbes magazine, Sanskrit is the most suitable language for computer software.

30. Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans.

31. Although western media portray modern images of India as poverty stricken and underdeveloped through political 

corruption, India was once the richest empire on earth.

32. According to the Gemmological Institute of America, until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds to the world.

33. USA based IEEE has proved what has been a century-old suspicion amongst academics that the pioneer of wireless 

communication was Professor Jagdeesh Bose and not Marconi.

34. The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was built in Saurashtra.

35. Chess was invented in India.

36. The first philosopher who formulated ideas about the atom in a systematic manner was Kanada who lived in the 6th 

century B.C.

37. All the atomic reactors in the world are in Shiva Linga Shape which is an Indian contribution.

38. Padanjali maharshi discovered Sound waves.

39. Yoga is an ancient Indian gift to the world.

40. Shayanacharya discovered velocity of light.
***(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayana)
****(http://www.speakingtree.in/spiritual-blogs/seekers/science-of-spirituality/the-speed-of-light-by-acharya-sayana)

41. Maharshi Bharadwaja discovered different types of light rays.

42. Maharshi Bharadwaja was the first person to give definition about aeroplane. He explained about different types 

aeroplanes in his book “Vimana Thantra” about 2000 years before Right Brothers.

43. Maharshi Bharadwaja discovered spectrometer. In his “Yantra Sarvaswa” he explained about more than 100 instruments.

44. The different colours of light, VIBGYOR are mentioned in Rigveda which was written more than 6000 years ago.

45. Maharshi Charaka discovered Psychology and Quantum healing system.

46. Varahamihira discovered the concept of “Budding of plants”.

47. Varahamihira discovered Comets in 505 AD, i.e more than 1100 years before Haley.
****(http://books.google.co.in/books?id=y_c7atbRFDQC&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=Varahamihira+discovered

+Comets&source=bl&ots=PdSMenpOMH&sig=KuhDTfIcssMOCTqd4pFZqCuQL2o&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NoXuULTiLMbUkQXGo

YE4&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Varahamihira%20discovered%20Comets&f=false)

48. Gouthama Maharshi discovered the wave nature of sound about 1400 years before Hyghen.

49. Seven continents are mentioned in Padmapurana.

1. Bhaaskaraachaaryan - I (early 6th century AD) 

Formost among Ganithajnans (astrologer / mathematician) in the entire Bhaaratham (India), Bhaskaran-I, hailed from 

Kerala, according to experts. In 522 AD he wrote "Mahaa Bhaaskareeyam", also known as "Karma Nibandhham". A 

Vyaakhyaanam (explanations and discussions) on Aaryabhateeyam as well as a condensed version - "Laghu 

Bhaaskareeyam" - of Aaryabhateeyam, have also come down to us. 

(Bhaaskaraachaaryan-II who wrote "Leelaavathy" lived in the 11th century). 

2. Haridathan (650 - 750 AD) 

Though the Aarybhata system had been followed in calculating the planetary positions, Namboothiri scholars recognised 

variations between the computed and observed values of longitudes of the planets. A new system called "Parahitham" was 

proposed by Haridathan through his famous works "Graha-Chakra-Nibandhhana" and "Mahaa-Maarga-Nibandhhana". In 

683 AD, this system was accepted throughout Kerala on the occasion of the 12-yearly Mahaamaagha festival at 

Thirunavaya, and is recorded in many later works. Haridathan introduced many improvements over Aarybhata system, like 

using the more elegant Katapayaadi (Click here) system of notation in preference to the more complicated Aarybhataa's 

notation. 

Haridathan introduced the unique system of enunciating graded tables of the sines of arcs of anomaly (Manda-jya) and of 

conjugation (Seeghra-jya) at intervals of 3° 45' to facilitate the computation of the true positions of the planets. One of the 

corrections introduced by Haridathan to make the Aarybhata's results more accurate, is the "Sakaabda Samskaaram". 

3. Aadi Sankaran (788 - 820 AD) 

Sree Sankaran was born in Kalady in Central Kerala (nearly 50 km north east of Kochi) on the banks of river Periyar as the 

son of Kaippilly Sivaguru Namboothiri and Arya Antharjanam (Melpazhur Mana). Scientific concepts naturally evolved from 

this highly logical and rational intellect. It is believed that Sree Sankaran was the first mathematician to moot the concept of 

Number Line. [Ref: "Sankara Bhaashyam" (4-4-25) of the "Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad"]. It was Sree Sankaran who first 

expounded the idea of assigning a set of natural numbers to a straight line. As the number of elements in a set of natural 

numbers is infinite, it requires a symbol of infinity to represent them. A straight line can be considered to be infinitely long. 

Sankaran adopted a straight line as a symbol of infinity. A straight line can be divided to infinite number of parts and each of 

these parts can be assigned the value of a particular number. This is called number line. Though his concept lacks the 

perfection of modern number line theory, Sree Sankaran exhibited his intellectual ingenuity in conceiving such a novel idea. 

Yet another example for Sree Sankaran's unbiased and pure scientific pursuit of knowledge could be seen in the second 

"Slokam" of "Soundarya Lahari" [a collection of 100 Slokams in praise of Goddess Durga written by Sree Sankaran]. In the 

Slokam "Thaneeyaamsam paamsum thava charana pankeruhabhavam", we can see a hint to the theory of inter-

convertibility of mass and energy. Famous scientist Albert Einstein put forward this theory much later. Einstein said mass 

can be converted to energy and vice-versa according to the equation E = MC², where E = Energy released, M = Mass of the 

substance, and C = Velocity of light = 3 x 10¹º cm/sec. 

In another context, Sree Sankaran postulated that the diameter of Sun is 1 lakh "Yojanas". Later the modern scientific 

community calculated the diameter which agreed very closely with (just 3% error) the value provided by Sankaran. 

4. Sankaranarayanan (9th century) 

This scholar from "Kollapuri" (Kollam) in Kerala has written a commentary (Vyaakhhyaanam) of the "Laghu Bhaaskareeyam" 

of Bhaaskaraachaaryan-I, titled "Sankaranaaraayaneeyam". The Granthham is dated 869 AD (ME 44). 

5. Sreepathy (around 1039 AD) 

Sreepathy (Kaasyapa Gothram) has described methods for calculating the "Shadbalam" of the planets and stars. 

Prescribing of consequences should be based on these "Balams". His works include "Aarybhateeya Vyaakhhyaanams" 

such as "Ganitha Thilakam", "Jaathaka Karma Padhhathi" and "Jyothisha Rathna Maala". 

6. Thalakkulathu Bhattathiri (1237 - 1295 AD) 

This Govindan Bhattathiri is believed to have been born in ME 412 in Thalakkulam of Aalathur Graamam, about three 

kilometer south of Tirur. The Illam does not exist anymore. His mother was apparently from Paazhoor. He is said to have left 

Keralam (to Paradesam, possibly Tamil Nadu) and studied the "Ulgranthhams" in Jyothisham under a scholar by name 

Kaanchanoor Aazhvaar, returned and prayed for a dozen years to Vadakkunnathan at Thrissur. 

Bhattathiri's major work is the renowned Jyothisha Granthham "Dasaadhhyaayi". It is a majestic "Vyaakhyaanam" of the first 

ten chapters of the famous 26-chapter "Brihajjaathakam" in the field of Jyothissaasthram, written by Varaahamihiran of 

Avanthi, a sixth century scholar. Bhattathiri felt that the "Aachaaryan" had not covered anything significantly more in the rest 

of the chapters and therefore, left them altogether. There are also other works like "Muhoortha Rathnam" to his credit. 

7. Sooryadevan 

This Namboothiri (Somayaaji) scholar is better known as Sooryadeva Yajwaavu. "Jaathakaalankaaram" is Sooryadevan's 

Vyaakhyaanam for Sreepathy's (No. 5, above) "Jaathaka Karma Padhhathi". His other works include a "Laghu 

Vyaakhhyaanam" (simple explanation) of Aaryabhateeyam, called "Bhataprakaasam", as well as Vyaakhhyaanams for 

Varaahamihiran's "Brihadyaathra" and for Mujjaalakan's "Laghu Maanava Karanam". 

8. Irinjaatappilly Madhavan Namboodiri (1340 - 1425) 

Madhavan of Sangamagraamam, as he is known, holds a position of eminence among the astute astronomers of medieval 

Kerala. He hailed from Sangama Graamam, the modern Irinjalakuda, near the railway station. Madhavan was the treacher 

of Parameswaran, the promulgator of Drigganitha school of Astronomy, and is frequently quoted in the medieval 

astronomical literature of Kerala as Golavith (adept in spherics). 

He is the author of several important treatises on Mathematics and Astronomy. The "Venvaaroham" explaining the method 

for computation of the moon and the moon-sentences, "Aganitham", an extensive treatise on the computation of planets, 

"Golavaadam", "Sphhuta-Chandraapthi", "Madhyama Nayana Prakaaram" are some of his important works. 

Besides these works, a number of stray verses of Madhavan are quoted by later astronomers like Neelakandha Somayaaji, 

Narayanan the commentator of Leelaavathy, Sankaran the commentator of Thanthrasangraham, etc. One of his significant 

contributions is his enunciatiation of formulae for accurate determination of the circumference of a circle and the value of p 

by the method of indeterminate series, a method which was rediscovered in Europe nearly three centuries later by James 

Gregory (1638 - 75 AD), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 - 1716 AD) and Newton (1642, "Principia Mathematicia"). His five 

Paraspara-Nyaaya contains the enunciation for the first time in the world, of the formula for the sine of sum of two angles. 
sine (A + B) = sine A cos B + cos A sine B 
This is known as "Jeeve Paraspara Nyaaya". 

The ideas of Calculus and Trigonometry were developed by him in the middle of the 14th century itself, as can be verified 

by his extensive mathematical and astronomical treatises and quotations by later authors. 

Madhavan deserves, in all respects, to be called the Father of Calculus and Spherical Trigonometry. For a detailed 

appreciation of his contribution, refer to the excellent paper of R G Gupta,"Second Order of Interpolation of Indian 

Mathematics", Ind, J.of Hist. of Sc. 4 (1969) 92-94. 

Again Madhavan provides the power series expansions for sin x and cos x for an arc x correct to 1/3600 of a degree.

9. Vatasseri Parameswaran Namboodiri (1360 - 1455) 

Vatasseri was a great scientist who contributed much to Astronomy and Mathematics. He was from Vatasseri Mana on the 

north bank of river Nila (Bhaarathappuzha) near its mouth in a village called Aalathiyur (Aswathha Graamam). This is near 

the present Tirur of Malappuram district. He was a Rigvedi (Aaswalaayanan) of Bhrigu Gothram. 

"Drigganitham" was his greatest contribution. The seventh century "Parahitha Ganitham" for calculations and projections in 

Astronomy continued its popularity for a few centuries, with some later modifications made by Mujjaalakan, Sreepathy and 

others, for correcting the differences found with actual occurences. But it was Parameswaran who, as a result of over fifty 

years of systematic observations and research on movements of celestial bodies, estimated the error factor and established 

a new method called Drig Sidhham as explained in his popular Drigganitham (ME 606, 1430-31 AD). He suggested the use 

of "Parahitham" for "Paralokahitham" such as Thithhi, Nakshthram, Muhoortham, etc., and his own "Drigganitham" for 

"Ihalokahitham" like "Jaathakam", "Graha Moudhhyam", "Grahanam", etc. Unfortunately, Drigganitham Granthham has not 

been traced so far. 

Yet another of his contribution was a correction to the angle of precision of equinox mentioned by his disciple, Kelalloor 

Somayaaji (vide 15, below) in his "Jyothirmeemaamsa" (ch. 17). The 13 ½° suggested by Mujjaalakan was rectified by him 

to 15°. 

There are numerous works to his credit, apart from Drigganitham. The 3-volume, 302 verse "Gola Deepika" (1443 AD) 

explaining about the stars and earth in very simple terms, "Jaathaka Padhhathy" in 41 verses, "Soorya Sidhhantha 

Vivaranam", "Grahana Mandanam", "Grahanaashtakam", "Vyatheepaathaashtaka Vrththi" in 500 verses or Slokams. (The 

last three are believed by experts to be his works), "Aachaarya Samgraham", "Grahana Nyaaya Deepika", "Chandra-

Chhaayaa-Ganitham", "Vaakya Karmam" and "Vaakya Deepika" are his well-known works. 

He has written superb commentaries such as "Sidhhantha Deepika" on Govindaswamy's Mahaa Bhaaskareeyam; "Karma 

Deepika" or "Bhata Deepika" on Aarya Bhateeyam; "Muhoortha Rathna Vyaakhyaa" on Govindaswamy's Muhoortha 

Rathnam; Leelavathee Vyaakhyaa on the famous mathematical treatise, Leelavathy of Bhaaskaraachaarya-II; "Laghu 

Bhaaskareeya Vyaakhyaa" on Laghu Bhaaskareeyam of Bhaaskaraachaarya-I; "Jaathaka Karma Padhhathee Vyaakhyaa" 

on Sreepathy's 8-chapter work on Jyothisham; the one on "Laghu Maanasam" of Mujjaalakan; "Jaathakaadesa Vyaakhyaa"; 

and "Prasna-Nashta Panchaasikaavrthy" also called "Paarameswari" based on the work of Prathhuyasass, son of 

Varaahamihiran. 

Undoubtedly, there had not been many scholars of his calibre in the annals of history in the realm of Astronomy. 

10. Damodaran Namboodiri 

Damodaran Namboodiri is known for his work "Muhoorthaabharanam". It is believed that he had an ancestor by name 

Yajnan whose brother's son, Kesavan, was a great scholar, and that Damodaran was Kesavan's younger brother. His family 

is said to have belonged to a village near Thriprangod, but it is clear that it was in Taliparamba Graamam. Mazhamangalam 

(Mahishamangalam, vide 17, below) has recognised "Muhoorthaabharanam" as a reference work similar to "Muhoortha 

Rathnam" and other earlier works. 

11. Narayanan Namboodiri 

He has authored "Muhoortha Deepikam". He could be the same Narayanan, one of Vatasseri Parameswaran Namboodiri's 

teachers (Guru), as mentioned by Kelallur Chomaathiri (Neelakandha Somayaaji, 15, below). "Muhoortha Deepikam" is also 

recognised as an authoritative work, by Mazhamangalam (17, below). 


12. Puthumana Somayaaji (Chomaathiri) 

He belonged to Puthumana Illam (Sanskritised as Noothana Graamam) of Chovvaram (Sukapuram) Graamam. He is 

believed to have been a contemporary of Vatasseri Namboodiri, during the 15th century AD. 

His famous works are "Karana Padhhathi" which is a comprehensive treatise on Astronomy in ten chapters completed in the 

year ME 606 (1430-31 AD), the same year as Vatasseri Namboodiri's "Drigganitham"; "Nyaaya Rathnam", an 8-chapter 

Ganitha Granthham; "Jaathakaadesa Maargam"; "Smaartha-Praayaschitham"; "Venvaarohaashtakam"; "Panchabodham"; 

"Grahanaashtakam"; and "Grahana Ganitham". 

To his credit is also an important mathematical equation to calculate the tangent (tan) value of an angle

13. Chennas Narayanan Namboodiripad (mid 15th century) 

He was considered to be an authority in the fields of Vaasthusaastram (Indian Architecture), Mathematics and Tanthram. 

Born in 1428, Chennas Narayanan Namboodiripad authored a book titled "Thanthra Samuchayam" which is still considered 

as the authentic reference manual in the field of temple architecture and rituals. In this Granthham , while elaborating on 

various points of Indian architectural practices, he has dealt with many mathematical principles also. The following are 

noteworthy. 

a) A method of arriving at a circle starting with a square, and successively making it a regular octagon, a regular 16-sided, a 

32-sided, 64-sided polygons, etc. In this method some geometrical steps have been suggested. 
b) Co-ordinate system of fixing points in a plane. 
c) Converting a square to a regular hexagon having approximately equal area. 
d) Finding the width of a regular octagon, given the perimeter. 

14. Ravi Namboodiri 

He is one of the teachers of Kelallur Chomaathiri, and was a scholar in both Astronomy and Vedaantham. His treatise 

"Aachaara Deepika" is on Jyothisham. 

15. Kelallur Neelakandha Somayaaji (1465 - 1545) 

He is one of the foremost astronomers of Kerala and considered an equal to Vatasseri Parameswaran Namboodiri, and 

known popularly as Kelallur Chomaathiri. He was born to Jathavedan and Arya in Kelallur (or Kerala Nallur, Kerala-Sad-

Graamam in Sanskrit) Mana of Thrikkandiyur (Sree Kundapuram in Sanskrit), near Tirur, and belonged to Gaargya 

Gothram, Aaswalaayana Soothram of Rigvedam. Kelallur Mana later became extinct and their properties merged with 

Edamana Mana. They were staunch devotees at Thriprangot Siva temple. 

He is said to be a disciple of one Ravi who taught him Vedaantham and the basics of Astronomy and of Vatasseri 

Damodaran Namboodiri (son of the famous Parameswaran Namboodiri) who trained him in Astronomy and Mathematics. 

According to Ulloor, he lived during 1465 and 1545 (roughly), though according to another version, he was born on June 17, 

1444 on a Wednesday. 

His most important work is "Thanthra Samgraham" (a treatise on Mathematics and Astronomy) in eight chapters with 432 

verses, and apparently written in an unbelievable six days from Meenam 26 of 676 ME to Metam 1 the same year! The lucid 

manner in which difficult concepts are presented, the wealth of quotations, and the results of his personal investigations 

and comparative studies make this work a real masterpiece. Two commentaries on this work, "Yukthi Bhaasha" (in 

Malayalam) by Paarangot Jyeshthhadevan Namboodiri (No. 16 below) and "Yukthi Deepika" by Sankara Varier, themselves 

indicate the importance of the original work. 

Another of his important works is a "Bhaashyam" (commentary) on "Aaryabhateeyam". In his book "Jyorthir Meemaamsa", 

he demonstrates his intellectual and scientific thinking. Some of his other works are "Chandra Chhaayaa Ganitham" 

(calculations relating to moon's shadow), "Sidhhantha Darpanam" (mirror on the laws of Astronomy) and its Vyaakhyaa, 

"Golasaaram" (quintessence of spherical Astronomy), "Grahana Nirnayam", "Grahanaashtakam", "Graha Pareekshaa 

Kramam", and "Sundara Raaja Prasnotharam". He postulated that the ratio of circumference to diameter of a circle could 

never be a rational number. His commentary on Aaryabhateeyam shows that his scholastic abilities extend beyond 

Jyothisham and Vedaantham, to the realms of Meemaamsa, Vyaakaranam and Nyaayam. 

16. Paarangottu Jyeshthhadevan Namboodiri (1500 - 1610) 

He was born in Paaragottu Mana situated near Thrikkandiyur and Aalathur on the banks of river Nila. Vatasseri Damodaran 

Namboodiri was his teacher. He wrote a Malayalam commentary, "Yukthi Bhaasha" for "Thanthra Sangraham" of Kelallur 

Neelakandha Somayaaji. It forms an elaborate and systematic exposition of calculation methods in Mathematics in its first 

part and Astronomy in the second part. The treatment is in a rational and logical manner, and may turn out to be an asset to 

our scientific community, if properly translated and studied. He is also the author of "Drik Karanam", a comprehensive 

treatise in Malayalam on Astronomy, composed in 1603 AD. 

17. Mahishamangalam Narayanan Namboodiri (1540 - 1610) 

He was a member of Mahishamangalam (Mazhamangalam) Mana of Peruvanam in Thrissur district. His father Sankaran 

Namboothiri has written several Granthhams on Astronomy in Malayalam. Renouned scholar Sankara Varier has written a 

commentary "Kriyaakramakari" in Malayalam for the popular Mathematical manual "Leelavathy" (of Bhaskaraachaarya) but 

before commencing the 200th Slokam, he expired. It was Mahishamangalam Narayanan Namboodiri who, at the age of 18, 

took up the challenge of completing it. He was popularly known as "Ganitha Vith" [Maths wizard]. After successfully 

completing "Kriyaakramakari", Narayanan Namboodiri wrote his own commentary "Karmadeepika" for "Leelavathy". "Upa 

Raaga Kriyaa Kramam" was his original work in the related topic. He has authored many Granthhams on subjects other 

than Astronomy, including Smaartha Praayaschitha Vimarsanam, Vyavahaara Mala [ethical code of conduct], 

Mahishamangalam Bhaanam, Uthara Raamaayana Champu, Raasa Kreedaa Kaavyam, Raaja Ratnaavaleeyam [in praise of 

Kerala Varma, Prince of Kochi), Daarikavadham, and Paarvatheesthuthi. 

18. Mathur Nambudiripad 

The Granthham, "Muhoortha Padavi" (the second) is credited to Mathur Nambudiripad, whose name is not known. He has 

condensed the old "Muhoortha Padavi" into an amazingly short version with just 35 Slokams (verses). Since 

Mazhamangalam of mid-sixteenth century AD, in his "Baala Sankaram" has referred to Muhoortha Padavi, it is possible that 

Mathur Nambudiripad lived during the second half of the 15th century AD. Apart from Mazhamangalam's commentary on 

this Granthham, there are: a short one in Sanskrit, "Muhoortha Saranee Deepam" (author unknown); a detailed one in 

Sanskrit, "Varadeepika" by Purayannur Parameswaran Nambudiripad; and yet another one in Malayalam, "Muhoortha 

Bhaasha" by Aazhvaancheri Thampraakkal. 

19. Narayanan Namboodiri 

One Narayanan has written a commentary on Bhaaskaraachaaryan's Leelaavathy, which has been variously referred to as 

"Karmadeepika", "Karmadeepakam" and "Kriyaakramakari". The work is well-focussed and neither too elaborate nor too 

short. 

Another of his works is " Karmasaaram" which discusses "Grahasphhutaanayanam" and other aspects of the Drik tradition. 

It is in four chapters and may have been written during the second half of the 16th century AD. 

20. Chithrabhanu Namboodiri (16th century) 

Born in Chovvara (Sukapuram) Graamam, Chithrabhanu Namboodiri was a mathematician and has written a Granthham 

titled "Eka Vimsathi Prasnothari". It is said that Sankara Varier, another scholar (mentioned earlier) who wrote the 

commentary "Kriyaakramakari" was Chithrabhanu Namboodiri's disciple. Varier has, at several occasions, quoted his master. 

Chithrabhanu Nambudiri's "Eka Vimsathi Prasnothari" gives a method of solving the binomials (A + B), (A - B), (A² + B²), (A³ + B³), (A³ - B³), AB, etc. Given any two of these, the book gives twentyone different ways to solve for A and B. As he is believed to be the master of Sankara Varier, his period could be 16th century. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mathematics
 http://historum.com/asian-history/46685-what-ancients-did-us-ancient-inventions-discoveries.html


The achievements of such and other Kerala mathematicians were, at first, brought to the notice of scholars, both Indian and western, by Charles M Whilsh who presented a paper on the subject before the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 3 (1835) (509 - 523).