Aero plane part 3- viman shastra

प्राचीन विमानों की दो श्रेणिया इस प्रकार थीः-

मानव निर्मित विमान, जो आधुनिक विमानों की तरह पंखों के सहायता से उडान भरते थे।
महर्षि भारद्वाज के शब्दों में पक्षियों की भान्ती उडने के कारण वायुयान को विमान कहते हैं। वेगसाम्याद विमानोण्डजानामिति ।।
विमानों के प्रकार:- शकत्युदगमविमान अर्थात विद्युत से चलने वाला विमान, धूम्रयान(धुँआ,वाष्प आदि से चलने वाला), अशुवाहविमान(सूर्य किरणों से चलने वाला), शिखोदभगविमान(पारे से चलने वाला), तारामुखविमान(चुम्बक शक्ति से चलने वाला), मरूत्सखविमान(गैस इत्यादि से चलने वाला), भूतवाहविमान(जल,अग्नि तथा वायु से चलने वाला)।

आश्चर्य जनक विमान, जो मानव निर्मित नहीं थे किन्तु उन का आकार प्रकार आधुनिक ‘उडन तशतरियों’ के अनुरूप है।

विमान विकास के प्राचीन ग्रन्थ

भारतीय उल्लेख प्राचीन संस्कृत भाषा में सैंकडों की संख्या में उपलब्द्ध हैं, किन्तु खेद का विषय है कि उन्हें अभी तक किसी आधुनिक भाषा में अनुवादित ही नहीं किया गया। प्राचीन भारतीयों ने जिन विमानों का अविष्कार किया था उन्हों
ने विमानों की संचलन प्रणाली तथा उन की देख भाल सम्बन्धी निर्देश भी संकलित किये थे, जो आज भी उपलब्द्ध हैं और उन में से कुछ का अंग्रेजी में अनुवाद भी किया जा चुका है। विमान विज्ञान विषय पर कुछ मुख्य प्राचीन ग्रन्थों का ब्योरा इस प्रकार हैः-

1. ऋगवेद- इस आदि ग्रन्थ में कम से कम 200 बार विमानों के बारे में उल्लेख है। उन में तिमंजिला, त्रिभुज आकार के, तथा तिपहिये विमानों का उल्लेख है जिन्हे अश्विनों (वैज्ञिानिकों) ने बनाया था। उन में साधारणत्या तीन यात्री जा सकते थे। विमानों के निर्माण के लिये स्वर्ण, रजत तथा लोह धातु का प्रयोग किया गया था तथा उन के दोनो ओर पंख होते थे। वेदों में विमानों के कई आकार-प्रकार उल्लेखित किये गये हैं। अहनिहोत्र विमान के दो ईंजन तथा हस्तः विमान (हाथी की शक्ल का विमान) में दो से अधिक ईंजन होते थे। एक अन्य विमान का रुप किंग-फिशर पक्षी के अनुरूप था। इसी प्रकार कई अन्य जीवों के रूप वाले विमान थे। इस में कोई सन्देह नहीं कि बीसवीं सदी की तरह पहले भी मानवों ने उड़ने की प्रेरणा पक्षियों से ही ली होगी। याता-यात के लिये ऋग वेद में जिन विमानों का उल्लेख है वह इस प्रकार है-

जल-यान – यह वायु तथा जल दोनो तलों में चल सकता है। (ऋग वेद 6.58.3)
कारा – यह भी वायु तथा जल दोनो तलों में चल सकता है। (ऋग वेद 9.14.1)
त्रिताला – इस विमान का आकार तिमंजिला है। (ऋग वेद 3.14.1)
त्रिचक्र रथ – यह तिपहिया विमान आकाश में उड सकता है। (ऋग वेद 4.36.1)
वायु रथ – रथ की शकल का यह विमान गैस अथवा वायु की शक्ति से चलता है। (ऋग वेद 5.41.6)
विद्युत रथ – इस प्रकार का रथ विमान विद्युत की शक्ति से चलता है। (ऋग वेद 3.14.1).
2. यजुर्वेद में भी ऐक अन्य विमान का तथा उन की संचलन प्रणाली उल्लेख है जिस का निर्माण जुडवा अशविन कुमार करते हैं ,

3. विमानिका शास्त्र –1875 ईसवी में भारत के ऐक मन्दिर में विमानिका शास्त्र ग्रंथ की ऐक प्रति मिली थी। इस ग्रन्थ को ईसा से 400 वर्ष पूर्व का बताया जाता है तथा ऋषि भारदूाज रचित माना जाता है। इस का अनुवाद अंग्रेज़ी भाषा में हो चुका है। इसी ग्रंथ में पूर्व के 97 अन्य विमानाचार्यों का वर्णन है तथा 20 ऐसी कृतियों का वर्णन है जो विमानों के आकार प्रकार के बारे में विस्तरित जानकारी देते हैं। खेद का विषय है कि इन में से कई अमूल्य कृतियाँ अब लुप्त हो चुकी हैं। इन ग्रन्थों के विषय इस प्रकार थेः-

विमान के संचलन के बारे में जानकारी, उडान के समय सुरक्षा सम्बन्धी जानकारी, तुफान तथा बिजली के आघात से विमान की सुरक्षा के उपाय, आवश्यक्ता पडने पर साधारण ईंधन के बदले सौर ऊर्जा पर विमान को चलाना आदि। इस से यह तथ्य भी स्पष्ट होता है कि इस विमान में ‘एन्टी ग्रेविटी’ क्षेत्र की यात्रा की क्षमता भी थी।
विमानिका शास्त्र में सौर ऊर्जा के माध्यम से विमान को उडाने के अतिरिक्त ऊर्जा को संचित रखने का विधान भी बताया गया है। ऐक विशेष प्रकार के शीशे की आठ नलियों में सौर ऊर्जा को एकत्रित किया जाता था जिस के विधान की पूरी जानकारी लिखित है किन्तु इस में से कई भाग अभी ठीक तरह से समझे नहीं गये हैं।
इस ग्रन्थ के आठ भाग हैं जिन में विस्तरित मानचित्रों से विमानों की बनावट के अतिरिक्त विमानों को अग्नि तथा टूटने से बचाव के तरीके भी लिखित हैं।
ग्रन्थ में 31 उपकरणों का वर्तान्त है तथा 16 धातुओं का उल्लेख है जो विमान निर्माण में प्रयोग की जाती हैं जो विमानों के निर्माण के लिये उपयुक्त मानी गयीं हैं क्यों कि वह सभी धातुयें गर्मी सहन करने की क्षमता रखती हैं और भार में हल्की हैं।
4. यन्त्र सर्वस्वः – यह ग्रन्थ भी ऋषि भारदूाजरचित है। इस के 40 भाग हैं जिन में से एक भाग ‘विमानिका प्रकरण’के आठ अध्याय, लगभग 100 विषय और 500 सूत्र हैं जिन में विमान विज्ञान का उल्लेख है। इस ग्रन्थ में ऋषि भारदूाजने विमानों को तीन श्रेऩियों में विभाजित किया हैः-

अन्तरदेशीय – जो ऐक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान पर जाते हैं।
अन्तरराष्ट्रीय – जो ऐक देश से दूसरे देश को जाते
अन्तीर्क्षय – जो ऐक ग्रह से दूसरे ग्रह तक जाते
इन में सें अति-उल्लेखलीय सैनिक विमान थे जिन की विशेषतायें विस्तार पूर्वक लिखी गयी हैं और वह अति-आधुनिक साईंस फिक्शन लेखक को भी आश्चर्य चकित कर सकती हैं। उदाहरणार्थ सैनिक विमानों की विशेषतायें इस प्रकार की थीं-

पूर्णत्या अटूट, अग्नि से पूर्णत्या सुरक्षित, तथा आवश्यक्ता पडने पर पलक झपकने मात्र समय के अन्दर ही ऐक दम से स्थिर हो जाने में सक्ष्म।
शत्रु से अदृष्य हो जाने की क्षमता।
शत्रुओं के विमानों में होने वाले वार्तालाप तथा अन्य ध्वनियों को सुनने में सक्ष्म। शत्रु के विमान के भीतर से आने वाली आवाजों को तथा वहाँ के दृष्यों को रिकार्ड कर लेने की क्षमता।
शत्रु के विमान की दिशा तथा दशा का अनुमान लगाना और उस पर निगरानी रखना।
शत्रु के विमान के चालकों तथा यात्रियों को दीर्घ काल के लिये स्तब्द्ध कर देने की क्षमता।
निजि रुकावटों तथा स्तब्द्धता की दशा से उबरने की क्षमता।
आवश्यक्ता पडने पर स्वयं को नष्ट कर सकने की क्षमता।
चालकों तथा यात्रियों में मौसमानुसार अपने आप को बदल लेने की क्षमता।
स्वचालित तापमान नियन्त्रण करने की क्षमता।
हल्के तथा उष्णता ग्रहण कर सकने वाले धातुओं से निर्मित तथा आपने आकार को छोटा बडा करने, तथा अपने चलने की आवाजों को पूर्णत्या नियन्त्रित कर सकने में सक्ष्म।
विचार करने योग्य तथ्य है कि इस प्रकार का विमान अमेरिका के अति आधुनिक स्टेल्थ फाईटर और उडन तशतरी का मिश्रण ही हो सकता है। ऋषि भारदूाजकोई आधुनिक ‘फिक्शन राईटर’ नहीं थे परन्तुऐसे विमान की परिकल्पना करना ही आधुनिक बुद्धिजीवियों को चकित कर सकता है कि भारत के ऋषियों ने इस प्रकार के वैज्ञिानक माडल का विचार कैसे किया। उन्हों ने अंतरीक्ष जगत और अति-आधुनिक विमानों के बारे में लिखा जब कि विश्व के अन्य देश साधारण खेती बाडी का ज्ञान भी पूर्णत्या हासिल नहीं कर पाये थे।

5. समरांगनः सुत्रधारा – य़ह ग्रन्थ विमानों तथा उन से सम्बन्धित सभी विषयों के बारे में जानकारी देता है।इस के 230 पद्य विमानों के निर्माण, उडान, गति, सामान्य तथा आकस्माक उतरान एवम पक्षियों की दुर्घटनाओं के बारे में भी उल्लेख करते हैं।

लगभग सभी वैदिक ग्रन्थों में विमानों की बनावट त्रिभुज आकार की दिखायी गयी है। किन्तु इन ग्रन्थों में दिया गया आकार प्रकार पूर्णत्या स्पष्ट और सूक्ष्म है। कठिनाई केवल धातुओं को पहचानने में आती है।

समरांगनः सुत्रधारा के आनुसार सर्व प्रथम पाँच प्रकार के विमानों का निर्माण ब्रह्मा, विष्णु, यम, कुबेर तथा इन्द्र के लिये किया गया था। पश्चात अतिरिक्त विमान बनाये गये। चार मुख्य श्रेणियों का ब्योरा इस प्रकार हैः-

रुकमा – रुकमानौकीले आकार के और स्वर्ण रंग के थे।
सुन्दरः –सुन्दर राकेट की शक्ल तथा रजत युक्त थे।
त्रिपुरः –त्रिपुर तीन तल वाले थे।
शकुनः – शकुनः का आकार पक्षी के जैसा था।
दस अध्याय संलगित विषयों पर लिखे गये हैं जैसे कि विमान चालकों का परिशिक्षण, उडान के मार्ग, विमानों के कल-पुरज़े, उपकरण, चालकों एवम यात्रियों के परिधान तथा लम्बी विमान यात्रा के समय भोजन किस प्रकार का होना चाहिये।

ग्रन्थ में धातुओं को साफ करने की विधि, उस के लिये प्रयोग करने वाले द्रव्य, अम्ल जैसे कि नींबु अथवा सेब या कोई अन्य रसायन, विमान में प्रयोग किये जाने वाले तेल तथा तापमान आदि के विषयों पर भी लिखा गया है।

सात प्रकार के ईजनों का वर्णन किया गया है तथा उन का किस विशिष्ट उद्देष्य के लिये प्रयोग करना चाहिये तथा कितनी ऊचाई पर उस का प्रयोग सफल और उत्तम होगा। सारांश यह कि प्रत्येक विषय पर तकनीकी और प्रयोगात्मक जानकारी उपलब्द्ध है। विमान आधुनिक हेलीकोपटरों की तरह सीधे ऊची उडान भरने तथा उतरने के लिये, आगे पीछ तथा तिरछा चलने में भी सक्ष्म बताये गये हैं

6. कथा सरित-सागर – यह ग्रन्थ उच्च कोटि के श्रमिकों का उल्लेख करता है जैसे कि काष्ठ का काम करने वाले जिन्हें राज्यधर और प्राणधर कहा जाता था। यह समुद्र पार करने के लिये भी रथों का निर्माण करते थे तथा एक सहस्त्र यात्रियों को ले कर उडने वालो विमानों को बना सकते थे। यह रथ-विमान मन की गति के समान चलते थे।

कोटिल्लय के अर्थ शास्त्र में अन्य कारीगरों के अतिरिक्त सोविकाओं का उल्लेख है जो विमानों को आकाश में उडाते थे । कोटिल्लय ने उन के लिये विशिष्ट शब्द आकाश युद्धिनाह का प्रयोग किया है जिस का अर्थ है आकाश में युद्ध करने वाला (फाईटर-पायलेट) आकाश रथ, चाहे वह किसी भी आकार के हों का उल्लेख सम्राट अशोक के आलेखों में भी किया गया है जो उस के काल 256-237 ईसा पूर्व में लगाये गये थे।

उपरोक्त तथ्यों को केवल कोरी कल्पना कह कर नकारा नहीं जा सकता क्यों कल्पना को भी आधार के लिये किसी ठोस धरातल की जरूरत होती है। क्या विश्व में अन्य किसी देश के साहित्य में इस विषयों पर प्राचीन ग्रंथ हैं ? आज तकनीक ने भारत की उन्हीं प्राचीन ‘ज्ञान’ को हमारे सामने पुनः साकार कर के दिखाया है, मगर विदेशों में या तो परियों और ‘ऐंजिलों’ को बाहों पर उगे पंखों के सहारे से उडते दिखाया जाता रहा है या किसी सिंदबाद को कोई बाज उठा कर ले जाता है, तो कोई ‘गुलफाम’ उडने वाले घोडे पर सवार हो कर किसी ‘सब्ज परी’ को किसी जिन्न के उडते हुये कालीन से नीचे उतार कर बचा लेता है और फिर ऊँट पर बैठा कर रेगिस्तान में बने महल में वापिस छोड देता है। इन्हें विज्ञानं नहीं, ‘फैंटेसी’ कहते हैं।

Aero plane invention - part 2WRIGHT BROTHERS vs Pt.SHIVKAR BAPUJI TALPADE

संस्कृति- Aeroplane Invention Part – 3

WRIGHT BROTHERS  vs Pt.SHIVKAR BAPUJI TALPADE

आज राइट बंधु को हवाई जहाज के आविष्कार के लिए श्रेय दिया जाता है क्योंकि उन्होंने 17 दिसम्बर 1903 हवाई जहाज उड़ाने का प्रदर्शन किया था। किन्तु बहुत कम लोगों को इस बात की जानकारी है कि उससे लगभग 8 वर्ष पहले सन् 1895 में संस्कृत के प्रकाण्ड पण्डित शिवकर बापूजी तलपदे ने “मारुतसखा” या “मारुतशक्त ” नामक विमान का सफलतापूर्व क निर्माण कर लिया था, जो कि पूर्णतः वैदिक तकनीकी पर आधारित था। पुणे केसरी नामक समाचारपत्र के अनुसार श्री तलपदे ने सन् 1895 में एक दिन (दुर्भाग्य से से सही दिनांक की जानकारी नहीं है) बंबई वर्तमान (मुंबई) के चौपाटी समुद्रतट में उपस्थित कई जिज्ञासु व्यक्तियों ( जिनमें अनेक भारतीय न्यायविद्/ राष्ट्रवादी सर्वसाधारण जन के साथ ही महादेव गोविंद रानाडे और बड़ौदा के महाराज सायाजी राव गायकवाड़ जैसे विशिष्टजन सम्मिलित थे ) के समक्ष अपने द्वारा निर्मित “चालकविहीन ” विमान “मारुतशक्त ि” के उड़ान का प्रदर्शन किया था। वहाँ उपस्थित समस्त जन यह देखकर आश्चर्यचकि त रह गए कि टेक ऑफ करने के बाद “मारुतशक्त ि” आकाश में लगभग 1500 फुट की ऊँचाई पर चक्कर लगाने लगा था। कुछ देर आकाश में चक्कर लगाने के के पश्चात् वह विमान धरती पर गिर पड़ा था। यहाँ पर यह बताना अनुचित नहीं होगा कि राइट बंधु ने जब पहली बार अपने हवाई जहाज को उड़ाया था तो वह आकाश में मात्र 120 फुट ऊँचाई तक ही जा पाया था जबकि श्री तलपदे का विमान 1500 फुट की ऊँचाई तक पहुँचा था। दुःख की बात तो यह है कि इस घटना के विषय में विश्व की समस्त प्रमुख वैज्ञानिको ं और वैज्ञानिक संस्थाओं/संगठनों पूरी पूरी जानकारी होने के बावजूद भी आधुनिक हवाई जहाज के प्रथमनिर्माण का श्रय राईट बंधुओं को दियाजाना बदस्तूर जारी है और हमारे देश की सरकार ने कभी भी इस विषय में आवश्यक संशोधन करने/ करवाने के लिए कहीं आवाज नहीं उठाई . (हम सदा सन्तोषी और आत्ममुग्ध लोग जो है!)। कहा तो यह भी जाता है कि संस्कृत के प्रकाण्ड पण्डित एवं वैज्ञानिक तलपदे जी की यहसफलता भारत के तत्कालीन ब्रिटिश शासकों को फूटी आँख भी नहीं सुहाई थी और उन्होंने बड़ोदा के महाराज श्री गायकवाड़, जो कि श्री तलपदे के प्रयोगों के लिए आर्थिक सहायता किया करते थे, पर दबाव डालकर श्री तलपदे केप्रयोगों को अवरोधित कर दिया था। महाराज गायकवाड़ की सहायता बन्द हो जाने पर अपने प्रयोगों को जारी रखने के लिए श्री तलपदे एक प्रकार से कर्ज में डूब गए। इसी बीच दुर्भाग्य से उनकी विदुषी पत्नी, जो कि उनके प्रयोगों में उनकी सहायक होने के साथही साथ उनकी प्रेरणा भी थीं, का देहावसान हो गया और अन्ततः सन् 1916या 1917 में श्री तलपदे का भी स्वर्गवास हो गया। बताया जाता है कि श्री तलपदे के स्वर्गवास हो जाने के बाद उनके उत्तराधिका रियों ने कर्ज सेमुक्ति प्राप्त करने के उद्देश्य से “मारुतशक्त ि” के अवशेष को उसके तकनीकसहित किसी विदेशी संस्थान को बेच दिया था। श्री तलपदे का जन्म सन् 1864 में हुआ था। बाल्यकाल से ही उन्हें संस्कृत ग्रंथों, विशेषतः महर्षि भरद्वाज रचित “वैमानिक शास्त्र” (Aeronauti cal Science) में अत्यन्त रुचि रही थी। वे संस्कृतके प्रकाण्ड पण्डित थे। पश्चिम के एकप्रख्यात भारतविद् स्टीफन नैप (Stephen-K napp) श्री तलपदे के प्रयोगों को अत्यन्त महत्वपूर्ण मानते हैं। एक अन्य विद्वान श्री रत्नाकर महाजन ने श्री तलपदे के प्रयोगों पर आधारित एक पुस्तिका भी लिखी हैं। श्री तलपदे का संस्कृत अध्ययन अत्यन्त ही विस्तृत था और उनके विमान सम्बन्धित प्रयोगों के आधार निम्न ग्रंथ थेः * महर्षि भरद्वाज रचित् वृहत् वैमानिक शास्त्र * आचार्य नारायण मुन रचित विमानचन्द् रिका * महर्षि शौनिक रचित विमान यन्त्र * महर्षि गर्ग मुनि रचित यन्त्र कल्प * आचार्य वाचस्पति रचित विमान बिन्दु * महर्षि ढुण्डिराज रचित विमान ज्ञानार्क प्रकाशिका स्वामी दयानंद द्वारा वेदों में विज्ञान की अवधारणा को साक्षात् रूप से दर्शन करवाने वाले श्री तलपडे पहले व्यक्ति थे .हमारे प्राचीन ग्रंथ ज्ञान के अथाह सागर हैं किन्तु वे ग्रंथ अब लुप्तप्राय -से हो गए हैं। यदि कुछ ग्रंथ कहीं उपलब्ध भी हैं तो उनका किसी प्रकार का उपयोग ही नहीं रह गया है क्योंकि हमारी दूषित शिक्षानीति हमें अपने स्वयं की भाषा एवं संस्कृति को हेय तथा पाश्चात्य भाषा एवं संस्कृति को श्रेष्ठ समझना ही सिखाती है।

विमान शास्त् - levitation theory

संस्कृति – विमानशास्त्र – The Lavitation Theory Part- 1

विज्ञान प्रसार (वि.प्र.) विज्ञान एवं प्रौद्योगिकी विभाग, भारत सरकार की 

रिपोर्ट
New Evidence of Ancient Indian Science Of Space Travel Source:

Conspiracy Journal#205 April 11, 2003

कुछ सालों पहले चीन पुरातत्त्व सरकार ने ल्हासा तथा तिब्बत में 

संस्कृत दस्तावेजों की खोज की है और उन्हें अनुवाद करने के लिए 

University of Chandigarh भेजा गया है।

इस विश्वविध्यालय की Dr. Ruth Reyna ने बताया कि इन दस्तावेजों 

में विमान का अंतरतारकीय माध्यम के निर्माण करने की बिधि दी है।

अंतरखगोलीय माध्यम या अंतरतारकीय माध्यम हाइड्रोजन और 

हिलीयम के कणों का मिश्रण होता है जो अत्यंत कम घनत्व की स्थिती 

मे सारे ब्रह्मांड मे फैला हुआ रहता है।

अंग्रेज़ी में “अंतरतारकीय” को “इन्टरस्टॅलर” (interstellar) और 

“अंतरतारकीय माध्यम” को “इन्टरस्टॅलर मीडयम” (interstellar 

medium) कहते हैं।

उन्होंने आगे बताया विमान को संचालित करने के लिए गुरुत्वाकर्षण 

विरोधी (anti-gravitational) शक्ति की आवश्यकता होती है और anti-

gravitational की प्रणाली “laghima” शक्ति प्रणाली अनुरूप होती है।

“laghima” की संस्कृत में सिद्धि कहते है और इंग्लिश में levitation 

कहा जाता है। levitation की शक्ति को आप इस विडियो में देख सकते 

हैं जो की anti-gravitational होती है।

यही अंतरतारकीय माध्यम (interstellar medium) विमान के अन्दर 

levitation power को activate करता है और विमान ऊपर की ओर 

उठता है।

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnLj8DMqaC8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedd

ed&v=tW6pVFOpE6Q#!

http://www.virtualsynapses.com/2010/09/power-of-

levitation-laghima.html#.URjNix04uIA

जैसा की हम अपने ग्रंथो में देखते हैं कि भगवन, ऋषि तथा कई देवता 

वायु मार्ग द्वारा आते थे। ये वही anti-gravitational वाली levitation 

शक्ति का प्रयोग करते थे।

इसी levitation शक्ति (विमानों के लिए) का वर्णन और प्रणाली, चीन 

को उन दस्तावोजों में मिली है। जिसका अनुवाद किया जा रहा है।

levitation power कोई तंत्र विद्या द्वारा नहीं की जाती है। यह एक 

ब्रह्मांडीय शक्ति है। जिसको करने के लिए तप और कई नियमों का पालन 

करना पड़ता है।

http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/comcom/vimana.htm

।। जयतु संस्कृतम् । जयतु भारतम्

Speed of light per Vedas

Speed of Light is calculated in Vedas more accurately than Einstein did

Speed of Light is calculated in Vedas more accurately than Einstein did

Ancient Vedic science “Nimisharda” is a phrase used in Indian languages of Sanskrit origin while referring to something that happens/moves instantly, similar to the ‘blink of an eye’. Nimisharda means half of a Nimesa, (Ardha is half).

In Sanskrit ‘Nimisha’ means ‘blink of an eye’ and Nimisharda implies within the blink of an eye. This phrase is commonly used to refer to instantaneous events.

Below is the mathematical calculations of a research done by S S De and P V Vartak on the speed of light calculated using the Rigvedic hymns and commentaries on them.

The fourth verse of the Rigvedic hymn 1:50 (50th hymn in book 1 of rigveda) is as follows:
तरणिर्विश्वदर्शतो जयोतिष्क्र्दसि सूर्य | विश्वमा भासिरोचनम |
taraNir vishvadarshato jyotishkrdasi surya | vishvamaa bhaasirochanam ||

which means:
“Swift and all beautiful art thou, O Surya (Surya=Sun), maker of the light, Illumining all the radiant realm.”

Commenting on this verse in his Rigvedic commentary, Sayana who was a minister in the court of Bukka of the great Vijayanagar Empire of Karnataka in South India (in early 14th century) says:
” tatha ca smaryate yojananam. sahasre dve dve sate dve ca yojane ekena nimishardhena kramaman.” which means “It is remembered here that Sun (light) traverses 2,202 yojanas in half a nimisha”
NOTE: Nimisharda= half of a nimisha.

In the vedas Yojana is a unit of distance and Nimisha is a unit of time.
Unit of Time: Nimesa.
The Moksha dharma parva of Shanti Parva in Mahabharata describes Nimisha as follows: 15 Nimisha = 1 Kastha.

30 Kashta = 1 Kala,
30.3 Kala = 1 Muhurta,
30 Muhurtas = 1 Diva-Ratri (Day-Night),
We know Day-Night is 24 hours So we get 24 hours = 30 x 30.3 x 30 x 15 nimisha, in other words 409050 nimisha.

We know 1 hour = 60 x 60 = 3600 seconds.
So 24 hours = 24 x 3600 seconds = 409050 nimisha.
409050 nimesa = 86,400 seconds,
1 nimesa = 0.2112 seconds (This is a recursive decimal! Wink of an eye=.2112 seconds!).
1/2 nimesa = 0.1056 seconds.

Unit of Distance:
Yojana Yojana is defined in Chapter 6 of Book 1 of the ancient vedic text “Vishnu Purana” as follows:-
10 ParamAnus = 1 Parasúkshma,
10 Parasúkshmas = 1 Trasarenu,
10 Trasarenus = 1 Mahírajas (particle of dust),
10 Mahírajas= 1 Bálágra (hair’s point),
10 Bálágra = 1 Likhsha,
10 Likhsha= 1 Yuka,
10 Yukas = 1 Yavodara (heart of barley),
10 Yavodaras = 1 Yava (barley grain of middle size),
10 Yava = 1 Angula (1.89 cm or approx 3/4 inch),
6 fingers = 1 Pada (the breadth of it),
2 Padas = 1 Vitasti (span),
2 Vitasti = 1 Hasta (cubit),
4 Hastas = a Dhanu,
1 Danda, or paurusa (a man’s height),
or 2 Nárikás = 6 feet,
2000 Dhanus = 1 Gavyuti (distance to which a cow’s call or lowing can be heard) = 12000 feet 4 Gavyutis = 1 Yojana = 9.09 miles

Calculation: So now we can calculate what is the value of the speed of light in modern units based on the value given as 2202 Yojanas in 1/2 Nimesa = 2202 x 9.09 miles per 0.1056 seconds = 20016.18 miles per 0.1056 seconds = 189547 miles per second !!

As per the modern science speed of light is 186000 miles per second ! And so I without the slightest doubt attribute the slight difference between the two values to our error in accurately translating from Vedic units to SI/CGS units. Note that we have approximated 1 Angula as exactly 3/4 inch. While the approximation is true, the Angula is not exactly 3/4 inch.

and in HANUMAN CHALISA 

source- http://colonp.in/post/20773048390/speed-of-light-is-calculated-in-vedas-more-accurately

Drill Bit Found in Coal-Advanced Civilization LONG Before Humans in earth

Oopart (out of place artifact) were found at several places on earth telling us that there were advanced species more advanced than current human beings in this earth if you agree with science and archeologist that human beings evolved in our present form for some 200,000 years ago with our ancestors’ history extending back perhaps 6 million years.

Was a civilization advanced enough to use drill bits present hundreds of millions of years ago as this coal was forming?

John Buchanan, Esq., presented the mysterious object to a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland on Dec. 13, 1852. His accompanying statements are recorded in the Society’s proceedings, which are quoted in full at the end of this article.
In summary, Buchanan said that the iron instrument was found within a seam of coal about 22 inches thick, which was in turn buried in a bed of diluvium or clay mixed with boulders some 7 feet thick.
He said: “I quite agree in the generally received geological view, that the coal was formed long before man was introduced upon this planet; but the puzzle is, how this implement, confessedly of human hands, should have found its way into the coal seam, overlaid as the latter was by a heavy mass of diluvium and boulders.”
The passage about this iron instrument in the Dec. 13, 1852 Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland is recorded here in its entirety: 

A communication was then read from John Buchanan, Esq., relative to the discovery of an iron instrument, lately found imbedded in a natural seam of coal in the neighbourhood of Glasgow. The instrument which was exhibited to the Meeting was considered to be modern. In his communication Mr. Buchanan remarks: ‘I send herewith, for the inspection of the Society, a very curious iron instrument found last week in this locality. The interest attaching to this singular relic arises from the fact of its having been discovered in the heart of a piece of coal, seven feet under the surface. To explain particulars, I beg to mention, that a new line of road, called the Great Western Road, was opened a few years ago, leading to the Botanic Gardens, which, you may be aware, are situated about two miles north-west from Glasgow. At a point on this new road are the lands of Burnbank, now in course of being extensively built upon. The person conducting these building operations is Mr. Robert Lindsay, wright and builder, a most respectable individual, well known to me, and on whose veracity implicit confidence may be placed. Now, when Mr. Lindsay came to excavate the foundations along the north side of the road for the range of houses, he cut through a bed of diluvium or clay mixed with boulders, seven feet thick, and then came on a seam of coal about twenty-two inches thick, cropping out almost to the very surface, and resting on freestone. It was necessary to remove this coal and cut into the stone below, which last was very opportune for building purposes. A quantity of the coal so removed was carted over to Mr. Lindsay’s workshop or yard for use; and while his nephew, Robert Lindsay junior, an apprentice, was breaking up a block of the coal, he was surprised to find the iron instrument now sent in the very heart of it. At first neither he nor the others about him could make out what it was, but after scraping and cleaning it from the coaly coating, it presented the appearance now before you. I send along with it a portion of the coal. Having been made aware of this discovery, I lost no time in seeing Mr. Lindsay senior; and accompanied him this day to the spot, and had the circumstances detailed to me by his nephew, and several of the respectable operatives who saw the instrument taken from the coal; and all of whom, Mr. Lindsay senior assures me, are persons whose statements may be implicitly relied upon.’

The affidavits of five workmen who saw the iron instrument taken from the coal were also sent, and Mr. Buchanan further adds: ‘I quite agree in the generally received geological view, that the coal was formed long before man was introduced upon this planet; but the puzzle is, how this implement, confessedly of human hands, should have found its way into the coal seam, overlaid as the latter was by a heavy mass of diluvium and boulders. If the workmen who saw the relic disinterred are to be depended on (and I have no reason whatever to doubt their perfect veracity), then there may and must be some mode of accounting for the implement finding its way down eight or nine vertical feet from the surface.’

It was suggested that in all probability the iron instrument might have been part of a borer broken during some former search for coal.

This Hammer Made 100 Million Years Ago?-in LONDON-

Replica of the London Hammer as presented in a slide by Dr. Doug Newton of the non-profit organization Trinity Creation Studies. (Screenshot/YouTube)

A hammer was found in London, Texas, in 1934 encased in stone that had formed around it. The rock surrounding the hammer is said to be more than 100 million years old, suggesting the hammer was made well before humans who could have made such an object are thought to have existed.

Carl Baugh, who is in possession of the artifact, announced that it was tested by Battelle Laboratory in Columbus, Ohio, a lab that has tested moon rocks for NASA. According to Baugh, the tests found the hammer to have unusual metallurgy—96.6 percent iron, 2.6 percent chlorine, 0.74 percent sulfur, and no carbon.
Carbon is usually what strengthens brittle iron, so it is strange that carbon is absent. Chlorine is not usually found in iron. The iron shows a high degree of craftsmanship without bubbles in the metal. Furthermore, it is said to be coated in an iron oxide that would not readily form under natural conditions and which prevents rust.




500-Million-Year-Old Vessel?
A metallic vessel was found after an explosion of rock in Dorchester, Mass., in 1852. The questions raised by this finding are, how did the vessel get into rock that’s more than 500 million years old, and did it really come from inside the rock?
A Scientific American article from June 5, 1852, quotes the Boston Transcript: “This curious and unknown vessel was blown out of the solid pudding stone, fifteen feet below the surface. … There is no doubt but that this curiosity was blown out of the rock” (See full article below). The rock in question was determined to be from the Neoproterozoic era, that is from 541 million to a billion years ago.

Ancient Indian Literature is full of Scientific Innnovations

 
Vedas and ancient Indian science theories are often considered as the most advanced works in the world from their era. There are scientists taking who are fascinated by the knowledge of the ancient Indian scholars and dedicated their life researching on the ancient Indian Science.
The list here presents 13 greatest ever inventions of ancient Indian science.
1. They knew the existence of solar system long before.
Source
Rig Veda 1.35.9
“The sun moves in its own orbit but holding earth and other heavenly bodies in a manner that they do not collide with each other through force of attraction.
2.  They Theorized gravity way before the western world.
Source
The verse 10.22.14 of Rig Veda says
“This earth is devoid of hands and legs, yet it moves ahead. All the objects over the earth also move with it. It moves around the sun”.
3. They knew the speed of light way before the rest of the world knew it.
Source
A Vedic scholar by the name of Sayana discovered the speed of light back in the 14th century AD.
His quote  which translates to
“With deep respect, I bow to the sun, who travels 2,202 yojanas in half a nimesha.”
A yojana is approximately 9 miles; a nimesha is 16/75 of a second.
So,  2,202 yojanas x 9 miles x 75/8 nimeshas = 185,794 miles per second which is remarkably equal to the actual value of 186 282.397 miles per second.
4. They knew the science behind eclipses when the rest of the world was scared thinking eclipses are caused by some sort of black magic.
Source
Rig Veda 5.40.5 has a phrase which translates to
“O Sun! When you are blocked by the one whom you gifted your own light (moon), then earth will be surprised by the sudden darkness.”
This is a remarkably accurate description of a solar eclipse.
The Vedas’ detailed descriptions of the universe, planets, and other phenomena demonstrates the vast knowledge of the people of those times far before modern civilization even started to exist.
______________________________
5. They accurately predicted the distance between Sun and Earth.
Source
“Yug sahasra yojana par bhanu,
leelyo taahi madhura phal jaanu” 
-Hanuman Chalisa
The above verse written by Tulasidas in Hanuman chalisa translates to how “The Surya, situated thousands of Yojanas(a unit of distance) away was swallowed by Hanuman thinking it to be a fruit”
Here
1 Yuga = 12000 years
1 Sahsra Yuga = 12000000 years.
Also, 1 Yojan = 8 miles
So, Yug Sahsra Yojan(the first three words) would mean 12000*12000000*8 = 96000000 miles.
Converting it to kilometers, 96000000 X 1.6 = 153,600,000 kms
Actual distance from earth to sun = 152,000,000 kms(error of around 1%)
How cool is that??

6. They measured the circumference of the Earth.
Source
Brahmagupta in the 7th century CE proposed that the circumference of the Earth to be 36,000 km, which is close to the actual figure of 40,075 km, with an error margin of 1%.

7. They estimated the Length of an Year.
Source 


Surya Sidhhanta speaks of 4 ways to measure the length of an year namely “Nakshatra“, “Savana“, “Lunar” and “Saura“,  of these The Saura method accurately estimates the length of year to be 365 days, 6 hours 12 mins and 30 seconds. If you are still wondering how they could do it go and visit temples at Konark or Humpi where you will find the incredibly complex and technically correct architecture systems of the temples that use the sunlight to measure the length of the day and year.
8. They deduced Pi value.

Source 
Aryabhata worked on the approximation of value of pi () and came to the conclusion that is irrational and is approximately 3.1416 in 499 CE when he was 23 years old.
He can be considered as one of the smartest brains of ancient India because  because the irrationality of pi was proved in Europe only in 1761 by Lambert.
Not to mention, he even derived the values of sine & cos and gave birth to the concept of trigonometry.
9. They Theorized that earth is a sphere.
Source
Although the discovery of Earth being round  is credited to  Greek astronomers . Interestingly, Indian astronomers had already claimed that Sun is a star and that earth is spherical long before the Greeks. It is documented that various attempts had been made to measure the circumference of earth during the Vedic periods.  Aryabhatta deduced a formulation which proves that the Earth is  rotating on an axis. By estimating the value of pi to be 3.1416 he deduced the circumference of earth to be 39736 Kilometers which is only 100 kilometers below its true value.
In fact, in his book Aryabhatiya, he also asserts that the movement of heavenly bodies like the sun, the stars are all relative, and only earth is moving.
“Just as a passenger in a boat moving downstream sees the stationary (trees on the river banks) as traversing upstream, so does an observer on earth see the fixed stars as moving towards the west at exactly the same speed (at which the earth moves from west to east.”
-translated from Aryabhatiya Gola 9
10. They build the worlds first underground drainage system.
Source
Indus valley civilization designed the worlds first Underground sanitation system back in 3300–1300 BCE which was adopted by the rest of the world centuries later. They are also the first civilization to create modern sanitation.
11. They theorized and actually implemented the concept of surgical procedures using surgical tools centuries before the rest of the world.

Source
The Sushruta Samhita written by Sushruta is the earliest medical encyclopedia known to world being written during 1200BC containing 184 chapters contains descriptions of 1,120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources. You name a disease and it has a chapter on it.
It was announced in a scientific journal that the oldest and the first  evidence for the drilling of human teeth of a living person was found in Mehrgarh. Eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults were discovered in a graveyard in Mehrgarh that dates from 7,500–9,000 years ago. A few evidences of orthopedic surgeries were also found concluding that ancient India had the technology to implement surgical procedures.  Anesthesia was made using herbs in Ayurveda.
12.  They theorized the concept of cloning , test tube babies and surrogate mothers.
Source

The epic Mahabharata describes Gandhari as a mother of 100 sons who were called Kauravas, the eldest of them being Dhuryodhana. The Kauravas were created by splitting the single embryo into 100 parts and growing each part in a separate kund (container).
The  birth story of Karna & the Pandavas shockingly  resembles the modern test tube baby concept. Being born from the “characteristics adopted from men of her choice”  
In other words, they not only had the concept of cloning, test-tube babies and embryo spliting but also had the dream to grow human fetuses outside the body of a woman something that is not known to modern science very recently.

13.  Nikola tesla took inspiration from Swamy vivenakanda and Indian vedas for his world acclaimed work.

    

Source
After his lab was burned down and his life’s work had vanished. Nikola Tesla studied the concept of  Prana and Akasha to work on FORCE and MATTER. He developed a new perspective on the world and started viewing world in terms of frequencies and energy which resulted in him establishing his concepts on energy.

We intended to write this article not to take sides or argue against anyone’s beliefs but only to give a small idea on the intensity of the knowledge and imagination of our ancestors.
They even had the concept of sustainable energy, projectile science, and many others like Thrust, momentum, Thermodynamics , Astrophysics etc to name a few.
Source 

Connection of Shiva Linga to Vatican

All religions are one and are derived from Vedic Sanatana Dharma. Famous historian P.N. Oak claimed that the word Vatican originally came from the sanskrit word “Vatika”, that “Christianity” came from the sanskrit words “Krishna-neeti”, (“ethics of Krishna” or “the way of Krishna”), and that “Abraham” came from the sanskrit word “Brahma”. He further claims that both Christianity and Islam originated as distortions of Vedic beliefs.

Vatican Church Compound Shaped as a Shiva Linga
Compare the two pictures below and you can see a striking similarity between the shapes of a shiva linga and the vatican church compound. Further if we look closer, we even see a perfect tripundra and bindu incorporated into their design.

In the following pictures let us compare the tripundra (three lines worn by Lord Shiva as tilak).

The word ‘Vatican’ itself is derived from the sanskrit word Vatika or Vatica, which means vedic cultural or religious centers. In sanskrit the word Vatika is used to describe a place, such as Ananda-Vatika, Ashrama-Vatika, Yagna-Vatika, etc. Such words and discoveries prove that the Vatican was a Hindu (Vedic) religious center before its incumbent was forced to accept Christianity from 1st century AD. Also, according to some reports, a Shiva linga was found during the excavation and is kept for display at Gregorian Etruscan Museum in Rome (details below). Hindustan indeed was Virat.
Siva Linga at Gregorian Etruscan Museum, Vatican City (Vatika)

This Siva Lingam is exhibited in Gregorian Etruscan Museum, Vatican City. This has the most important Etruscan collection in Rome, starting with early Iron Age objects from the 9th century BC. Encyclopedia Britannica mentions under the headings “Etruria” and “Etruscan” that between the 2nd and 7th centuries BC, northern Italy was known as Etruria. During archaeological excavations many such “meteoric stones mounted on carved pedestals (Siva Lingas on bases)” have been discovered in Italy. This Siva Lingam was dug-up from Vatican City itself. Many more must be lying buried under the Vatican’s massive walls and numerous cellars.
P.N. Oak’s Theories on Vedic Roots of World Religions
P.N. Oak claims that Christianity and Islam are both derivatives of Hinduism, and that the Catholic Vatican, Kaaba and the Taj Mahal were once Hindu temples to Shiva. In his book, “Some Missing Chapters of World History”, Oak claimed that the first civilisation was developed in India from which all world civilisations grew. He wrote books on this subject in three languages.
Intent on rectifying what he believed to be “biased and distorted versions of India’s history produced by the invaders and colonizers”, Oak has written several books and articles on Indian history and founded the “Institute for Rewriting Indian History” in 1964. According to Oak, modern secular and Marxist historians have fabricated “idealized versions” of India’s past and drained it of its “Vedic context and content”.
Oak claims that Christianity was originally a Vedic religion following Krishna and claims that Christianity was originally known by either the names Chrisna-nity or Krishna-neeti (with Oak stating these meant “The way of Krishna” or “The ethics of Lord Krishna”). These generally follow in line with Oak’s other theories and claims that the Vatican was originally called Vatika and that the Papacy was originally a “Vedic Priesthood” until Constantine the Great around 312 A.D killed the “Vedic pointiff” and installed in his place a representative of the tiny Christian sect. Oak also makes the claim that “Jesus went to India between ages 13 and 30 to learn Krishna-neeti (Christianity) from sages.”
Amen comes from Aum
When the Christians say “Amen” at the end of their hymns or to emphasize something, what they are saying is a corrupted form of “Aum” or “Om,” which is the standard Vedic form of addressing the Supreme Being through sound.
In the bible it is said, “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” That primordial divine word, which is one with God, is the Vedic syllable “Aum”. God manifests in creation as the Cosmic Vibration, which expresses itself as Cosmic Sound and Cosmic Light. The Cosmic Sound or Aum is the synthesis of all the sounds of the universe.

How Mantra works?

What is a mantra and how does it work?

Mantras are powerful sounds. Mantras are the sounds that when chanted produce great effects. These are chanted repeatedly and that is called japa. Japa is a key part of Hindu prayer.
Mantras are very rich in their meaning. While doing japa one can meditate on the mantra and its meaning. As the mind dwells more and more into that meaning, the mantra conditions the mind and takes it up to higher states and forms the path to the great liberation – eternal bliss.
What makes mantras so special as compared to the normal words? Mantras are not composed by humans. One may wonder how can that be possible. Especially given that there are sages associated with the mantras. The point to be noted is that these sages are not composers of these mantras, as we would normally compose sentences. They are not the inventors, but they are the discoverers of the mantra. They get to know the mantras in a state in which these words do not emanate from their thoughts, but they are just passive audience to it. Those who go deep in meditation and realize God may be able to get a feel of this situation.
To be such a discoverer, even though they are just passive hearers, needs great amount of qualification. Only the perfect one can unchangedly reproduce the mantra he has heard. The only one that is absolutely perfect is God. All other discoverers reproduce that mantra only as pure as their closeness to perfection.
Veda samhitas are full of mantras and hence have been preserved for ages in their pure form by utilizing the various techniques like patha, krama, jaTa, gaNa pATas, that ensure that the chanter clearly gets the correct letters and even the correct level of sound for each letter (svara). The chanters are advised to chant the mantras only after getting the right pronunciation of it, so that the mantras are preserved against deterioration over time. There would be gurus who initiate the disciple in a mantra. The guru ensures that the disciple got the mantra right, so that the person can chant independently as well as initiate others in that mantra. Ensuring this preservation, the vedas were passed on only through the tradition of guru and disciples and was never written down till the very recent past. (It is really amazing to note that without being written down the vedas have been preserved in pure form across the land by these techniques. Though the texts are freely available now for anybody to read, it would be important to ensure that these mantras are properly learnt and then chanted. This way the treasure that has been preserved so carefully over multiple millenniums does not deteriorate due to indifference.)
It is to be noted that many of the hymns of thirumuRai are known to have the great powers of mantras that are practiced even today.
While there are plenty of mantras available, there are a few that are chanted with high esteem by the shaivas. Definitely those are highly powerful ones that can lead the chanter on the great path to mukti (liberation). pranava, paNJchAkashra, gAyatri to name a few. For shaivites the Holy Five Syllables (paNJchAkshara) with or without combination of the praNava is the ultimate mantra.
Definition #1: Mantras are energy-based sounds.
Saying any word produces an actual physical vibration. Over time, if we know what the effect of that vibration is, then the word may come to have meaning associated with the effect of saying that vibration or word. This is one level of energy basis for words.
Another level is intent. If the actual physical vibration is coupled with a mental intention, the vibration then contains an additional mental component which influences the result of saying it. The sound is the carrier wave and the intent is overlaid upon the wave form, just as a colored gel influences the appearance and effect of a white light.
In either instance, the word is based upon energy. Nowhere is this idea more true than for Sanskrit mantra. For although there is a general meaning which comes to be associated with mantras, the only lasting definition is the result or effect of saying the mantra.
Definition #2: Mantras create thought-energy waves.
The human consciousness is really a collection of states of consciousness which distributively exist throughout the physical and subtle bodies. Each organ has a primitive consciousness of its own. That primitive consciousness allows it to perform functions specific to it. Then come the various systems. The cardio-vascular system, the reproductive system and other systems have various organs or body parts working at slightly different stages of a single process. Like the organs, there is a primitive consciousness also associated with each system. And these are just within the physical body. Similar functions and states of consciousness exist within the subtle body as well. So individual organ consciousness is overlaid by system consciousness, overlaid again by subtle body counterparts and consciousness, and so ad infinitum.
The ego with its self-defined “I” ness assumes a pre-eminent state among the subtle din of random, semi-conscious thoughts which pulse through our organism. And of course, our organism can “pick up” the vibration of other organisms nearby. The result is that there are myriad vibrations riding in and through the subconscious mind at any given time.
Mantras start a powerful vibration which corresponds to both a specific spiritual energy frequency and a state of consciousness in seed form. Over time, the mantra process begins to override all of the other smaller vibrations, which eventually become absorbed by the mantra. After a length of time which varies from individual to individual, the great wave of the mantra stills all other vibrations. Ultimately, the mantra produces a state where the organism vibrates at the rate completely in tune with the energy and spiritual state represented by and contained within the mantra.
At this point, a change of state occurs in the organism. The organism becomes subtly different. Just as a laser is light which is coherent in a new way, the person who becomes one with the state produced by the mantra is also coherent in a way which did not exist prior to the conscious undertaking of repetition of the mantra.
Definition #3: Mantras are tools of power and tools for power.
They are formidable. They are ancient. They work. The word “mantra” is derived from two Sanskrit words. The first is “manas” or “mind,” which provides the “man” syllable. The second syllable is drawn from the Sanskrit word “trai” meaning to “protect” or to “free from.” Therefore, the word mantra in its most literal sense means “to free from the mind.” Mantra is, at its core, a tool used by the mind which eventually frees one from the vagaries of the mind.
But the journey from mantra to freedom is a wondrous one. The mind expands, deepens and widens and eventually dips into the essence of cosmic existence. On its journey, the mind comes to understand much about the essence of the vibration of things. And knowledge, as we all know, is power. In the case of mantra, this power is tangible and wieldable.
Statements About Mantra
Mantras have close, approximate one-to-one direct language-based translation.
If we warn a young child that it should not touch a hot stove, we try to explain that it will burn the child. However, language is insufficient to convey the experience. Only the act of touching the stove and being burned will adequately define the words “hot” and “burn” in the context of “stove.” Essentially, there is no real direct translation of the experience of being burned.
Similarly, there is no word which is the exact equivalent of the experience of sticking one’s finger into an electrical socket. When we stick our hand into the socket, only then do we have a context for the word “shock.” But shock is really a definition of the result of the action of sticking our hand into the socket.
It is the same with mantras. The only true definition is the experience which it ultimately creates in the sayer. Over thousands of years, many sayers have had common experiences and passed them on to the next generation. Through this tradition, a context of experiential definition has been created.
Definitions of mantras are oriented toward either the results of repeating the mantra or of the intentions of the original framers and testers of the mantra.
In Sanskrit, sounds which have no direct translation but which contain great power which can be “grown” from it are called “seed mantras.” Seed in Sanskrit is called “Bijam” in the singular and “Bija” in the plural form.
Let’s take an example. The mantra “Shrim” or Shreem is the seed sound for the principle of abundance (Lakshmi, in the Hindu Pantheon.) If one says “shrim” a hundred times, a certain increase in the potentiality of the sayer to accumulate abundance is achieved. If one says “shrim” a thousand times or a million, the result is correspondingly greater.
But abundance can take many forms. There is prosperity, to be sure, but there is also peace as abundance, health as wealth, friends as wealth, enough food to eat as wealth, and a host of other kinds and types of abundance which may vary from individual to individual and culture to culture. It is at this point that the intention of the sayer begins to influence the degree of the kind of capacity for accumulating wealth which may accrue.
Mantras have been tested and/or verified by their original framers or users.
Each mantra is associated with an actual sage or historical person who once lived. Although the oral tradition predates written speech by centuries, those earliest oral records annotated on palm leaves discussed earlier clearly designate a specific sage as the “seer” of the mantra. This means that the mantra was probably arrived at through some form of meditation or intuition and subsequently tested by the person who first encountered it.
Sanskrit mantras are composed of letters which correspond to certain petals or spokes of chakras in the subtle body.
As discussed earlier, there is a direct relationship between the mantra sound, either vocalized or subvocalized, and the chakras located throughout the body.
Mantras are energy which can be likened to fire.
You can use fire either to cook your lunch or to burn down the forest. It is the same fire. Similarly, mantra can bring a positive and beneficial result, or it can produce an energy meltdown when misused or practiced without some guidance. There are certain mantra formulas which are so exact, so specific and so powerful that they must be learned and practiced under careful supervision by a qualified guru.
Fortunately, most of the mantras widely used in our portal and certainly those contained in this chapter are perfectly safe to use on a daily basis, even with some intensity.
Mantra energizes prana.
“Prana” is a Sanskrit term for a form of life energy which can be transferred from individual to individual. Prana may or may not produce an instant dramatic effect upon transfer. There can be heat or coolness as a result of the transfer.
Some healers operate through transfer of prana. A massage therapist can transfer prana with beneficial effect. Even self-healing can be accomplished by concentrating prana in certain organs, the result of which can be a clearing of the difficulty or condition. For instance, by saying a certain mantra while visualizing an internal organ bathed in light, the specific power of the mantra can become concentrated there with great beneficial effect.
Mantras eventually quiet the mind.
At a deep level, subconscious mind is a collective consciousness of all the forms of primitive consciousnesses which exist throughout the physical and subtle bodies. The dedicated use of mantra can dig into subconscious crystallized thoughts stored in the organs and glands and transform these bodily parts into repositories of peace.
Some of you may be interested or even fascinated by the discipline of mantra, but feel somewhat overwhelmed by the array of mantras and disciplines, astotaras and pujas you find in here. If so, then this chapter will be of use to you. It contains some simple mantras and their common application. They have been compiled from vedas and upanishads, drawn from the various headings of the deities or principles involved. These mantras address various life issues which we all face from time to time.
Fromm indiadivine.org

Suryasiddhānta

In the chapter “Direction, Place and Time” (Suryasiddhānta, Ch.iii), E Burgess writes:
“(bracketed words are mine) : The (Surya Siddhāntic) theory which the passage (verses 9-12), in its present form, is actually intended to put forth is as follows : the vernal equinox librates westward and eastward from the fixed point, war Piscium, assumed as the commencement of the sidereal sphere– the limits of the libratory movement being 27 degrees in either direction from that point, and the time of a complete revolution of libration being the six-hundredth part of the period called the Great Age (ie, Mahāyuga as defined by Burgess in chapter i,15-17, where he gave it a span of 4320000 years), or 7200 years; so that the annual rate of motion of the equinox is 54″.”

This is the interpretation of existing version of Surya Siddhānta ( त्रिंशत्कृत्यो युगे भानां चक्रे प्राक् परिलम्बते …, SS,iii.9) in own words of E. Burgess , “as it is actually intended to put forth” by all traditional commentators. This is exactly what I illustrated with example in the illustrated example of computation of ayanamsha.
The moot point is this : Burgess knew the traditional interpretation (भानां चक्रे.., ie pendulum like motion of nakshatra orbit itself) , but gave his own meaning based upon modern concept of precession of equinoxes , and tried to create doubts about the authenticity of these verses (iii, 9-12) by putting forth deliberately false arguments. Let us examine Burgess.
In verse-9 (Suryasiddhānta, Ch.iii), he translates “pari-lambate” as “falls back”, although he says lambate means “lag, hang back, fall behind” and ‘pari’ means “about, round about”. Therefore, pari-lambate should have been translated as “fall back roundabout” and not merely as “fall back” according to own logic of Burgess. If the circle of asterisms lags roundabout any fixed point (whether Revati or Chitrā), it is a to and fro motion as all traditional commentators accepted. Modern concept of precession is something different from the original concept of ayanāmsha. Theon in West had mentioned this oscillating motion, Arab astronomers also accepted it, and almost all Europeans accepted it upto Renaissance, after which Hipparchus was rediscovered and modern concept of precession became a well established fact in astronomy. But this concept of equinoctial precession (as well as anomalistic precession) was also known to ancient Indians and Greeks.
Burgess wrongly quotes Bhāskara-II, because he relied upon a wrong translation of Bhāskara by Colebrooke (As. Res., xii 209 ; Essays, ii,374, etc) and did not try to examine Siddhānta Shiromani which was wrongly translated by Lancelot Wilkinson due to Colebrooke’s influence. Bhāskara-II did not give his own opinion at all, and merely quoted Surya Siddhānta and Mujjāl (elsewhere Munjāla and Manjula), saying Suryasiddhānta gives -30000 revolutions of sampāt or equinoctial point per Kalpa while ayana has a motion of +199669 revolutions per Kalpa (of 4320 million years). Bhāskara’s own opinion was that these should be followed, which means both Surya Siddhānta and Mujjāla were correct in Bhāskara’s opinion. Colebrooke, Burgess, Wilkinson, etc have misquoted Siddhānta Shiromani and created an impression that ancient Indians were inept in astronomical observations, as Whitney shamelessly declared in his prologue to Burgess, but the Hindi translation by Satyadeva Sharmā is correct, although he could not get the real meaning.
The startling fact is that Siddhānta Shiromani clearly says that “the point of intersection of equatorial plane and ecliptic” (which is the very definition of equinox) has a negative motion of 30000 revolutions per Kalpa according to Suryasiddhānta, while Mujjala’s value of ayana’s motion is +199669, and both (Suryasiddhānta and Mujjala ) must be added to get the final motion (of the equinox ). Hence, we get +169669 revolutions per Kalpa, which gives (4320000000 / 169669 =) 25461 years per revolution or 50.9″ per year, which is very near to modern value of about 50.3″ per year for precession of equinoxes.
We must not forget that Hipparchus had given a period of 36000 years for precession, which was not corrected by Europeans till the onset of modern age. It is unfortunate that Siddhānta Shiromani is still being misinterpreted by foreigners, and if a true rendering is offered by Indian scholars, they are abused, esp by those who do not care to consult the originals and declare the forign missionaries to reliable. Bhāskara-II neither excluded Suryasiddhānta, nor Mujjāla, but mentioned the both must be used, which is clear from verse-19, where he clearly asks to add Mujjāla’s ayana-chalam to Suryasiddhāntic sampāt-chalanam (this sampāt-chalanam is anomalistic precession with a period of 144000 years per cycle, against modern value of 136000 years).
Another startling fact is that Bhāskara-ii differentiates sampāt-chalanam of Suryasiddhānta from ayana-chalanam of Mujjāla, and says both must be added before computing phenomena like declension, ascensional differences, etc. But modern commentators like Colebrooke misinterpret Bhāskara-II deliberately, and imply that sampāt-chalanam of Suryasiddhānta quoted by Bhāskara-ii was an erroneous thing which must be forgotten, while ayana-chalanam of Mujjāla was a crude approximation of modern precession. But this interpretation is falsified by Bhāskara’s original verses as shown above. The root of this problem lies in the fact that sampāt-chalanam of Suryasiddhānta is a distinct phenomenon from ayana-chalanam of Mujjāla according to Siddhānta Shiromani, but readers are not informed of the real meaning of Siddhānta Shiromani and false quotation from Siddhānta Shiromani was quoted by Colebrooke and Burgess (12th verse, chap.iii). This is a sign of intellectual incompetence and dishonesty of Western “experts” who are blindly followed by brown sāhibs of India. Those who do not consult the original texts cited above will not believe me.
Siddhānta-tattva-viveka by Kamlākara Bhatt is a medieval text, which clearly states that Saurpaksha is distinct from Drikpaksha. Saurpaksha (astronomy of bhuvaloka) is Suryasiddhānta as it exists. Drikpaksha (astronomy of Bhooloka or physical/material/sensory world) is that version of Suryasiddhānta which was not preserved because it was useless in astrology. Siddhānta Shiromani uses many concepts of Drikpakshiya astronomy, as the instance cited above proves. Saurpakshiya Suryasiddhānta does not contain any refence to 30000 cylces per Kalpa mentioned by Bhāskara-II. He was quoting from Drikpakshiya Suryasiddhānta which as a text had been lost ; Bhāskara-II said in his own Vāsanābhāshya commentary of Siddhānta-shiromani that Suryasiddhānta is not available (“anupalabdha”) and he was quoting it on the basis of “āgama”. Only its fragments are left, scattered here and there. Modern commentators confuse both variants of Suryasiddhānta. Siddhāntatattvaviveka is prescribed in post-graduate (Ganitāchārya) syllabus of Sanskrit universities, but no modern commentator has ever tried to translate it or comment on it.
According to Bhāskara-ii , negative sampāt-chalanam of Drikpakshiya Suryasiddhānta should be added to positive ayana-chalanam of Mujjāla to get final Drikpakshiya precession, which is very close to modern value. Ayana-chalanam of Mujjāla is also Drikpakshiya, because Saurpakshiya entities are not used in Drikpakshiya astronomy, and vice versa. I have put some of the most important extant theorems of Drikpakshiya Suryasiddhānta at a website. I had put parts of it at one of most popular websites, where a German “Indologist” deleted it and abused me profusely ; later I found those deleted materials at an Australian website, without any name of author!!. But I am here divulging one important secret of ancient science of India which has been neglected by wrongheaded commentators.
Mujjāla’s ayana-chalanam, as mentioned in Siddhānta Shiromani, gives a period of (4320 million / 199669 = ) 21636 years per cycle. Siddhānta Shiromani says that it is ayanachalanam and not precession, precession is obtained after substracting (Saurpakshiya) Suryasiddhāntic sampātchalanam. If this 21636 year cycle is not precession, what is it ??
Readers should read a Wikipedian article Milankovitch cycles ( http://en.wikipedia….lankovic_cycles ) which informs :”Earth’s axis completes one full cycle of precession approximately every 26,000 years (25771.5 precisely at present, 25789.5 years is long term mean). At the same time, the elliptical orbit rotates, more slowly, leading to a 21,000-year cycle between the seasons and the orbit… This orbital precession is in the opposite sense to the gyroscopic motion of the axis of rotation(cf. anomalistic precession as distinct from equinoctial precession), shortening the period of the precession of the equinoxes with respect to the perihelion from 26,000 to 21,000 years.” (at some sites of NOAA of USA, 22000 is mentioned instead of 21000)
Ayana-chalanam of Mujjāla is not orbital precession, it is the most important of all components of Milankovitch cycles as this Wikipedian definition shown. If we take cue from Siddhānta Shiromani, the aforementioned Wikipedian clause can be rewritten thus : This orbital precession of equinoxes is in the opposite sense to the gyroscopic motion of the axis of rotation, shortening the period of the precession of the equinoxes with respect to the perihelion from 25771 to 21,636 years.
Siddhānta Shiromani also says that Mujjāla’s ayana-chalanam (21,636 years per cycle) is opposite to sampāta-chalanam. Bhāskara-ii clearly defines sampāta-chalanam as “the point of intersection of equatorial plane and ecliptic” (which is the very definition of equinox). Hence, what Siddhānta Shiromani says is exactly what Wikipedia informs us, the only difference is that Siddhānta Shiromani is misinterpreted and declared to be obscurantist, and the great cycles mentioned in Siddhānta Shiromani is “discovered” by 20th century scientists. But we must remember Bhāskara-ii did not discover these things, he acknowledged Suryasiddhānta and Munjāla.
Bhāskara-ii knew Drikpakshiya Suryasiddhānta, which has not survived because it was not useful in astrology. In his formula of precession, Bhāskara-II used a figure 30000 cycles per Kalpa. Bhaskara-II got an approximate value of 50.9″ per year, which was the most precise value before modern astronomy developed in the West. Here I quote a Puranic verse which proves knowledge of equinoctial precession in Puranic times :
उत्तानपादपुत्रोऽसौ मेढीभूतो ध्रुवो दिवि ।
स हि भ्रमन् भ्रामयते नित्यं चन्द्रादित्यौ ग्रहैः सह ।।
It means : “Uttanpāda’s son Dhruva is the fixed point in the Heavens , round which all planets including Sun and Moon, but Dhruva himself also moves round” . Round what ? Mt Meru, which is the only fixed point in Cosmos according to Purānic-epic stories. Hence, the bhachakra also librates with respect to this fixed point Meru.
According to Bhāskara-II, orbital precession is derived by substracting anomalistic precession (sampāt-chalanam) from the first component of Milankovitch cycles (Munjāla’s ayana-chalanam). Bhāskara-II acknowledged earlier authors. Hence, we must conclude that modern values and concepts of orbital precession, anomalistic precession, Milankovitch cycles, etc were known to ancient Indians well before Bhāskara-ii.
But two things about confusing terminology must be borne in mind : this sampāt-chalanam he finally gets by combining the two quantities mentioned above. According to Bhāskara-II, Suryasiddhāntic sampāt-chalanam is 30000 per Kalpa. He does not give a name for the term which is finally obtained by combining this sampāt-chalanam with Munjāla’s ayana-chalanam, but the definition he provides for Suryasiddhāntic sampāt-chalanam is exactly the definition of the final quantity whose name he does not provide. Hence, there were many types of sampāt-chalanams !! This is not a case of confusion of terms. It is a result of Saurpakshiya term with Drikpakshiya terms bearing same names but having different magnitudes and sometimes even having difference in basic properties !
Second confusion is due to use of the term ayana-chalanam for Munjāla’s precession. It is quite distinct from Saurpakshiya Suryasiddhāntic ayana-chalanam (trepidation) as mentioned in existing text. Burgess could not digest this theory of libration (oscillation or trepidation, ie, ayanāamsha – motion) and tried to distort the meaning of terms to fit modern view of orbital precession with this Saurpakshiya precession. Bhāskara-ii knew and respected Suryasiddhānta which he cited and used in his computations as shown above, and gave exact value of Drikpakshiya precession. Therefore, it is foolish to impose Drikpakshiya precession (50.9″ per year according to Bhāskara-II, 50.3″ really) upon Saurpakshiya ayanamsha (54″ per year, oscillating within a range of ± 27 degrees). (There are further corrections on Drikpakshiya precession which give a final value of one revolution in 25771.4 years, exactly equal to the value deduced by NASA – JPL , but these corrections requires some long theorems to prove).
I do not want to say that all ancient texts are true and should be blindly followed. But it is equally wrong to deride them as outdated and obscurantist just because they could not be understood by moderns.We have yet to discover the real Wonder that Is India. Unless and until ancient texts are proven false, it is suicidal to reject them.