Debunked Aryan Invasion Theory to divide India and create partition between North/South #DECODING #HINDUISM

In what could be a major setback to Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu, an inter-continental research in cellular molecular biology has debunked the Aryan invasion theory.

DNA analysis from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in USA.

In what could be a major setback to Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu, an inter-continental research in cellular molecular biology has debunked the Aryan invasion theory.

“We have conclusively proved that there never existed any Aryans or Dravidians in the Indian sub continent. The Aryan-Dravidian classification was nothing but a misinformation campaign carried out by people with vested interests,” Prof Lalji Singh, vice-chancellor, Banaras Hindu University, toldDNA.

The findings of a three-year research by a team of scientists, including Prof Singh and others from various countries, has been published by American Journal of Human Genetics in its issue dated December 9.

“The study effectively puts to rest the argument that south Indians are Dravidians and were driven to the peninsula by Aryans who invaded North India,” said Prof Singh, a molecular biologist and former chief of Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad.

According to Dr Gyaneshwer Chaubey, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, who was another Indian member of the team, the leaders of Dravidian political parties may have to find another answer for their raison d'être. “We have proved that people all over India have common genetic traits and origin. All Indians have the same DNA structure. No foreign genes or DNA has entered the Indian mainstream in the last 60,000 years,” Dr Chaubey said.

Dr Chaubey had proved in 2009 itself that the Aryan invasion theory is bunkum. “That was based on low resolution genetic markers. This time we have used autosomes, which means all major 23 chromosomes, for our studies. The decoding of human genome and other advances in this area help us in unraveling the ancestry in 60,000 years,” he explained.

However, Gnani Shankaran, noted Dravidian thinker, said the time for writing the last word on Dravidian philosophy has not yet come.

“We have to find out the credentials of the authors of this research paper and their hidden agenda. In Tamil Nadu, the Dravidian and Aryan ties are inter-related. The Dalits in our land are the descendents of the Dravidian Brahmins who were pushed to the lowest strata of society by the Aryans,” Shankaran said.

According to Prof Singh, Dr Chaubey, and Dr Kumarasamy Thangaraj, another member of the team, the findings disprove the caste theory prevailing in India. Interestingly, the team found that instead of Aryan invasion, it was Indians who moved from the subcontinent to Europe. “That’s the reason behind the findings of the same genetic traits in Eurasiain regions,” said Dr Thangaraj, senior scientist, CCMB.

“Africans came to India through Central Asia during 80,000 to 60,000 BCE and they moved to Europe sometime around 30,000 BCE. The Indian Vedic literature and the epics are all silent about the Aryan-Dravidian conflict,” said Dr S Kalyanaraman, a proponent of the Saraswathi civilization which developed along the banks of the now defunct River Saraswathi.

LINK

ARCHEOLOGY LINK archaeologyonline

Detail-

Introduction

The aryan invasion theory has been one of the most controversial historical topics for well over a century. However, it should be pointed out that it remains just that – a theory. To date no hard evidence has proven the aryan invasion theory to be fact. In this essay we will explain the roots of this hypothesis and how, due to recent emergence of new evidence over the last couple of decades, the validity of the aryan invasion theory has been seriously challenged.

It is indeed ironic that the origin of this theory does not lie in Indian records, but in 19th Century politics and German nationalism. No where in the Vedas, Puranas or Itihasas is there any mention of a Migration or Invasion of any kind. In 1841 M.S. Elphinstone, the first governor of the Bombay Presidency, wrote in his book History of India:

'It is opposed to their (Hindus) foreign origin, that neither in the Code (of Manu) nor, I believe, in the Vedas, nor in any book that is certainly older than the code, is there any allusion to a prior residence or to a knowledge of more than the name of any country out of India. Even mythology goes no further than the Himalayan chain, in which is fixed the habitation of the gods... .To say that it spread from a central point is an unwarranted assumption, and even to analogy; for, emigration and civilization have not spread in a circle, but from east to west. Where, also, could the central point be, from which a language could spread over India, Greece, and Italy and yet leave Chaldea, Syria and Arabia untouched? There is no reason whatever for thinking that the Hindus ever inhabited any country but their present one, and as little for denying that they may have done so before the earliest trace of their records or tradition.’

The Birth Of A Misconception

Interest in the field of Indology during the 19th Century was of mixed motivations. Many scholars such as August Wilhelm von Schlegal, Hern Wilhelm von Humboldt, and Arthur Schopenhauer lauded praise upon the Vedic literatures and their profound wisdom, others were less than impressed. To accept that there was an advanced civilization outside the boundaries of Europe, at a time before the Patriarchs Abraham and Moses had made their covenant with the Almighty was impossible to conceive of for most European scholars, who harbored a strong Christian tendency. Most scholars of this period were neither archeologists nor historians in the strict sense of the word. Rather, they were missionaries paid by their governments to establish western cultural and racial superiority over the subjugated Indian citizens, through their study of the indigenous religious texts. Consequently, for racial, political and religious reasons, early European indologists created a myth that still survives to this day.

It was established by linguists that Sanskrit, Iranian and European languages all belonged to the same family, categorizing them as ‘Indo-European’ languages. It was assumed that all these people originated from one homeland where they spoke a common language (which they called ‘Proto-Indo-European’ or PIE) which later developed into Sanskrit, Latin, Greek etc. They then needed to ascertain where this homeland was. By pure speculation, it was proposed that this homeland was either southeast Europe or Central Asia.

Harappa And Mohenjo-Daro

Harappa

The discovery of ruins in the Indus Valley (Harappa and Mohenjo-daro) was considered by indologists like Wheeler as proof of their conjectures – that a nomadic tribe from foreign lands had plundered India. It was pronounced that the ruins dated back to a time before the Aryan Invasion, although this was actually never verified. By assigning a period of 200 years to each of the several layers of the pre-Buddhist Vedic literature, indologists arrived at a time frame of somewhere between 1500 and 1000BC for the Invasion of the Aryans. Using Biblical chronology as their sheet anchor, nineteenth century indologists placed the creation of the world at 4000BC1 and Noah’s flood at 2500BC. They thus postulated that the Aryan Invasion could not have taken place any time before 1500BC.

Archeologists excavating the sites at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro found human skeletal remains; this seemed to them to be undeniable evidence that a large-scale massacre had taken place in these cities by the invading Aryan hordes. Prof. G. F. Dales (Former head of department of South-Asian Archaeology and Anthropology, Berkeley University, USA) in his ‘The Mythical Massacre at Mohenjo-daro’, states the following about this evidence:

Mohenjo-daro

‘What of these skeletal remains that have taken on such undeserved importance? Nine years of extensive excavations at Mohenjo-daro (1922-31) - a city of three miles in circuit - yielded the total of some 37 skeletons, or parts thereof, that can be attributed with some certainty to the period of the Indus civilizations. Some of these were found in contorted positions and groupings that suggest anything but orderly burials. Many are either disarticulated or incomplete. They were all found in the area of the Lower Town - probably the residential district. Not a single body was found within the area of the fortified citadel where one could reasonably expect the final defense of this thriving capital city to have been made…Where are the burned fortresses, the arrow heads, weapons, pieces of armor, the smashed chariots and bodies of the invaders and defenders? Despite the extensive excavations at the largest Harappan sites, there is not a single bit of evidence that can be brought forth as unconditional proof of an armed conquest and the destruction on the supposed scale of the Aryan Invasion.’

Evidence From The Vedas

It was therefore concluded that light-skinned nomads from Central Asia who wiped out the indigenous culture and enslaved or butchered the people, imposing their alien culture upon them had invaded the Indian subcontinent. They then wrote down their exploits in the form of the Rg Veda. This hypothesis was apparently based upon references in the Vedas that point to a conflict between the light-skinned Aryans and the dark-skinned Dasyus.2 This theory was strengthened by the archeological discoveries in the Indus Valley of the charred skeletal remains that we have mentioned above. Thus the Vedas became nothing more than a series of poetic tales about the skirmishes between two barbaric tribes.

However, there are other references in the Rg Veda3 that point to India being a land of mixed races. The Rg Veda also states that "We pray to Indra to give glory by which the Dasyus will become Aryans."4 Such a statement confirms that to be an Aryan was not a matter of birth.

An inattentive skimming through the Vedas has resulted in a gross misinterpretation of social and racial struggles amongst the ancient Indians. North Aryans were pitted against the Southern Dravidians, high-castes against low-castes, civilized orthodox Indians against barbaric heterodox tribals. The hypothesis that of racial hatred between the Aryans and the dark-skinned Dasyus has no sastric foundation, yet some ‘scholars’ have misinterpreted texts to try to prove that there was racial hatred amongst the Aryans and Dravidians (such as the Rg Veda story of Indra slaying the demon Vrta5 ).

Based on literary analysis, many scholars including B.G. Tilak, Dayananda Saraswati and Aurobindo dismissed any idea of an Aryan Invasion. For example, if the Aryans were foreign invaders, why is it that they don’t name places outside of India as their religious sites? Why do the Vedas only glorify holy placeswithin India?

What Is An ‘Aryan’?

Max Mueller

The Sanskrit word ‘Aryan’ refers to one who is righteous and noble. It is also used in the context of addressing a gentleman (Arya-putra, Aryakanya etc).6 Nowhere in the Vedic literature is the word used to denote race or language. This was a concoction byMax Mueller who, in 1853, introduced the word ‘Arya’ into the English language as referring a particular race and language. He did this in order to give credibility to his Aryan race theory (see Part 2). However in 1888, when challenged by other eminent scholars and historians, Mueller could see that his reputation was in jeopardy and made the following statement, thus refuting his own theory -

"I have declared again and again that if I say Aryas, I mean neither blood nor bones, nor hair, nor skull; I mean simply those who speak an Aryan language...to me an ethnologist who speaks of Aryan race, Aryan blood, Aryan eyes and hair, is as great a sinner as a linguist who speaks of a dolichocephalic dictionary or a brachycephalic grammar."
(Max Mueller, Biographies of Words and the Home of the Aryas, 1888, pg 120) 

But the die had already been cast! Political and Nationalist groups in Germany and France exploited this racial phenomenon to propagate the supremacy of an assumed Aryan race of white people. Later, Adolf Hitler used this ideology to the extreme for his political hegemony and his barbaric crusade to terrorize Jews, Slavs and other racial minorities, culminating in the holocaust of millions of innocent people.

According to Mueller’s etymological explanation of ‘Aryan’, the word is derived from ‘ar’ (to plough, to cultivate). Therefore Arya means ‘a cultivator, or farmer’. This is opposed to the idea that the Aryans were wandering nomads. V.S. Apte's Sanskrit-English Dictionary relates the word Arya to the root ‘r-’ to which the prefix ‘a’ has been added in order to give a negating meaning. Therefore the meaning of Arya is given as ‘excellent, best’, followed by ‘respectable’ and as a noun, ‘master, lord, worthy, honorable, excellent,’ ‘upholder of Arya values, and further: teacher, employer, master, father-in-law, friend.’

No Nomads

Kenneth Kennedy of Cornell University has recently proven that there was no significant influx of people into India during 4500 to 800BC. Furthermore it is impossible for sites stretching over one thousand miles to have all become simultaneously abandoned due to the Invasion of Nomadic Tribes.

There is no solid evidence that the Aryans belonged to a nomadic tribe. In fact, to suggest that a nomadic horde of barbarians wrote books of such profound wisdom as the Vedas and Upanisads is nothing more than an absurdity and defies imagination.

Although in the Rg Veda Indra is described as the ‘Destroyer of Cities,’ the same text mentions that the Aryan people themselves were urban dwellers with hundreds of cities of their own. They are mentioned as a complex metropolitan society with numerous professions and as a seafaring race. This begs the question, if the Aryans had indeed invaded the city of Harrapa, why did they not inhabit it after? Archeological evidence shows that the city was left deserted after the ‘Invasion’.

Colin Renfrew, Prof. of Archeology at Cambridge, writes in his book Archeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins’ -

‘It is certainly true that the gods invoked do aid the Aryas by over-throwing forts, but this does not in itself establish that the Aryas had no forts themselves. Nor does the fleetness in battle, provided by horses (who were clearly used primarily for pulling chariots), in itself suggest that the writers of these hymns were nomads. Indeed the chariot is not a vehicle especially associated with nomads’

Horses And Chariots

The Invasion Theory was linked to references of horses in the Vedas, assuming that the Aryans brought horses and chariots with them, giving military superiority that made it possible for them to conquer the indigenous inhabitants of India. Indologists tried to credit this theory by claiming that the domestication of the horse took place just before 1500BC. Their proof for this was that there were no traces of horses and chariots found in the Indus Valley. The Vedic literature nowhere mentions riding in battle and the word ‘asva’ for horse was often used figuratively for speed. Recent excavations by Dr.S.R. Rao have discovered both the remains of a horse from both the Late Harrapan Period and the Early Harrapan Period (dated before the supposed Invasion by the Aryans), and a clay model of a horse in Mohenjo-daro. Since Dr. Rao’s discoveries other archeologists have uncovered numerous horse bones of both domesticated and combat types. New discoveries in the Ukraine also proves that horse riding was prevalent as early as 4000BC – thus debunking the misconception that the Aryan nomads came riding into history after 2000BC.

Another important point in this regard is that nomadic tribes do not use chariots. They are used in areas of flat land such as the Gangetic plains of Northern India. An Invasion of India from Central Asia would require crossing mountains and deserts – a chariot would be useless for such an exercise. Much later, further excavations in the Indus Valley (and pre-Indus civilizations) revealed horses and evidence of the wheel on the form of a seal showing a spoked wheel (as used on chariots).

An Iron Culture

Similarly, it was claimed that another reason why the Invading Aryans gained the upper hand was because their weapons were made of iron. This was based upon the word ‘ayas’ found in theVedas, which was translated as iron. Another reason was that iron was not found in the Indus Valley region.

However, in other Indo-European languages, ayas refers to bronze, copper or ore. It is dubious to say that ayas only referred to iron, especially when the Rg Veda does not mention other metals apart from gold, which is mentioned more frequently than ayas. Furthermore, the Yajur and Atharva Vedas refer to different colors of ayas. This seems to show that he word was a generic term for all types of metal. It is also mentioned in the Vedas that the dasyus(enemies of the Aryans) also used ayas to build their cities. Thus there is no hard evidence to prove that the ‘Aryans invaders’ were an iron-based culture and their enemies were not.

Yajna-Vedhis

Throughout the Vedas, there is mention of fire-sacrifices (yajnas) and the elaborate construction of vedhis (fire altars). Fire-sacrifices were probably the most important aspect of worshiping the Supreme for the Aryan people. However, the remains of yajna-vedhis (fire altars) were uncovered in Harrapa by B.B. Lal of the Archeological Survey of India, in his excavations at the third millenium site of Kalibangan.

The geometry of these yajna-vedhis is explained in the Vedic texts such as the Satpatha-brahmana. The University of California at Berkley has compared this geometry to the early geometry of Ancient Greece and Mesopotamia and established that the geometry found in the Vedic scriptures should be dated before 1700BC. Such evidence proves that the Harrapans were part of the Vedic fold.

Objections In The Realm Of Linguistics And Literature

There are various objections to the conclusions reached by the indologists concerning linguistics. Firstly they have never given a plausible excuse to explain how a Nomadic Invasion could have overwhelmed the original languages in one of the most densely populated regions of the ancient world.

Secondly, there are more linguistic changes in Vedic Sanskrit than there are in classical Sanskrit since the time of Panini (aprox.500 BC). So although they have assigned an arbitrary figure of 200 year periods to each of the four Vedas, each of these periods could have existed for any number of centuries and the 200 year figure is totally subjective and probably too short a figure.

Another important point is that none of the Vedic literatures refer to any Invasion from outside or an original homeland from which the Aryans came from. They only focus upon the region of the Seven Rivers (sapta-sindhu). The Puranas refer to migrations of people out of India, which explains the discoveries of treaties between kings with Aryan names in the Middle East, and references to Vedic gods in West Asian texts in the second millenium BC. However, the indologists try to explain these as traces of the migratory path of the Aryans into India.

North-South Divide

Indologists have concluded that the original inhabitants of the Indus Valley civilization were of Dravidian descent. This poses another interesting question. If the Aryans had invaded and forced the Dravidians down to the South, why is there no Aryan/Dravidian divide in the respective religious literatures and historical traditions? Prior to the British, the North and South lived in peace and there was a continuous cultural exchange between the two. Sanskrit was the common language between the two regions for centuries. Great acaryas such as Sankara, Ramanuja, Madhva, Vallabha, and Nimbarka were all from South, yet they are all respected in North India. Prior to them, there were great sages from the South such as Bodhayana and Apastamba. Agastya Rsi is placed in high regard in South India as it is said that he brought the Tamil language from Mount Kailasa to the South.7 Yet he is from the North! Are we to understand that the South was uninhabited before the Aryan Invasion? If not, who were the original inhabitants of South India, who accepted these newcomers from the North without any struggle or hostility?

Saivism

Pasupati Siva

The advocates of the Invasion theory argue that the inhabitants of Indus valley were Saivites (Siva worshippers) and since Saivism is more prevalent among the South Indians, the inhabitants of the Indus valley region must have been Dravidians. Siva worship, however, is not alien to Vedic culture, and is certainly not confined to South India. The words Siva and Sambhu are not Dravidian in origin as some indologists would have us believe (derived from the Tamil words ‘civa’ - to redden, to become angry, and ‘cembu’ - copper, the red metal). Both words have Sanskrit roots – ‘si’meaning auspicious, gracious, benevolent, helpful, kind, and ‘sam’meaning being or existing for happiness or welfare, granting or causing happiness, benevolent, helpful, kind. These words are used in this sense only, right from their very first occurrence. 8 Moreover, some of the most important holy places for Saivites are located in North India: the traditional holy residence of Lord Siva is Mount Kailasa situated in the far north. Varanasi is the most revered and auspicious seat of Saivism. There are verses in the Rg Veda mentioning Siva and Rudra and consider him to be an important deity. Indra himself is called Siva several times in Rg Veda (2:20:3, 6:45:17, 8:93:3).

So Siva is not a Dravidian divinity only, and by no means is he a non-Vedic divinity. Indologists have also presented terra-cotta lumps found in the fire-alters in Harappa and taken them to be Siva-lingas, implying that Saivism was prevalent among the Indus valley people. But these terra-cotta lumps have been proved to be the measures for weighing commodities by shopkeepers and merchants. Their weights have been found in perfect integral ratios, in the manner like 1 gm, 2 gms, 5 gms, 10 gms etc. They were not used as the Siva-lingas for worship, but as the weight measurements.

The Discovery Of The Sarasvati River

Whereas the famous River Ganga is mentioned only once in the Rg Veda, the River Sarasvati is mentioned at least sixty times. Sarasvati is now a dry river, but it once flowed all the way from the Himalayas to the ocean across the desert of Rajasthan. Research by Dr. Wakankar has verified that the River Sarasvati changed course at least four times before going completely dry around 1900BC. 9 The latest satellite data combined with field archaeological studies have shown that the Rg Vedic Sarasvati had stopped being a perennial river long before 3000 BC.

As Paul-Henri Francfort of CNRS, Paris recently observed –

"...We now know, thanks to the field work of the Indo-French expedition that when the proto-historic people settled in this area, no large river had flowed there for a long time."

The proto-historic people he refers to are the early Harappans of 3000 BC. But satellite photos show that a great prehistoric river that was over 7 kilometers wide did indeed flow through the area at one time. This was the Sarasvati described in the Rg Veda. Numerous archaeological sites have also been located along the course of this great prehistoric river thereby confirming Vedic accounts. The great Sarasvati that flowed "from the mountain to the sea" is now seen to belong to a date long anterior to 3000 BC. This means that the Rg Veda describes the geography of North India long before 3000 BC. All this shows that the Rg Veda must have been in existence no later than 3500 BC. 10

With so many eulogies composed to the River Sarasvati, we can gather that it must have been well known to the Aryans, who therefore could not have been foreign invaders. This also indicates that the Vedas are much older than Mahabharata, which mentions the Sarasvati as a dying river.

Discoveries Of New Sites

Since the initial discoveries of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa on the Ravi and Sindhu rivers in 1922, over 2500 other settlements have been found stretching from Baluchistan to the Ganga and beyond and down to the Tapti Valley. This covers almost a million and a half square kilometers. More than 75% of these sites are concentrated not along the Sindhu, as was believed 70 years ago, but on the banks of the dried up river Sarasvati. The drying up of this great river was a catastrophe, which led to a massive exodus of people in around 2000-1900BC. Some of these people moved southeast, some northwest, and some to Middle-eastern countries such as Iran and Mesopotamia. Dynasties and rulers with Indian names appear and disappear all over west Asia confirming the migration of people from East to West.

With so much evidence against the Aryan Invasion theory, one wonders as to why this ugly vestige of British imperialism is still taught in Indian schools today! Such serious misconceptions can only be reconciled by accepting that the Aryans were the original inhabitants of the Indus Valley region, and not a horde of marauding foreign nomads. Such an Invasion never occurred.

_____________

1 In 1654 A.D. Archbishop Usher of Ireland firmly announced that his study of Scripture had proved that creation took place at 9.00am on the 23rd October 4004 B.C. So from the end of the seventeenth century, this chronology was accepted by the Europeans and they came to believe that Adam was created 4004 years before Christ.

2 Rg Veda (2-20-10) refers to "Indra, the killer of Vritra, who destroys the Krishna Yoni Dasyus". This is held as evidence that the "invading Aryans" exterminated the "dark aboriginals"

3 RV.10.1.11, 8.85.3, 2.3.9

4 RV.6.22.10

5 RV. 1.32.10-11

6 In Valmiki's Ramayana, Lord Ramacandra is described as an Arya as follows - aryah sarva-samas-caivah sadaiva priya-darsana (Arya: one who cares for the equality of all and is dear to everyone)

7 Tradition has it that Lord Siva requested the sage Agastya to write the Tamil grammar, which was spoken prior to Sage Agastya's work. Agastya chose his disciple Tholgapya's grammar for Tamil which was considered much more simple than the grammar that Agastya had developed. This laid the foundation for later classical Tamil literature, and also spawned other Dravadian languages. Agastya Muni and Tholgapya are considered to be the Tamil counterpart of Panini of Sanskrit.

DECODING HINDUISM--Vedic math

Sanatan Dharma scriptures cover almost all the topics under the sun from Astrolonomy to Astrology , Science to Aeronautics ,Mathematics etc.Let us discuss about Ancient Vedic Mathematics techniques .

Vedic Mathematics : 'Vedic Mathematics' is the name given to the ancient system of mathematics, or, to be precise, a unique technique of calculations based on simple rules and principles, with which any mathematical problem - be it arithmetic, algebra, geometry or trigonometry - can be solved, hold your breath, orally!
Sutras: Natural Formulae

The system is based on 16 Vedic sutras or aphorisms, which are actually word-formulae describing natural ways of solving a whole range of mathematical problems.

Here are some of the techniques :

1) 75^2 = 5625

The answer is in two parts: 56 and 25.
The last part is always 25.
The first part is the first number, 7, multiplied by the number "one more", which is 8:
so 7 x 8 = 56

2)To Xply any number (should be more than 5*5)

Suppose you want to multiply 88 by 98.
Not easy,you might think. But with
VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE you can give
the answer immediately, using the same method
as above.

Both 88 and 98 are close to 100.
88 is 12 below 100 and 98 is 2 below 100.

As before the 86 comes from
subtracting crosswise: 88 - 2 = 86
(or 98 - 12 = 86: you can subtract
either way, you will always get
the same answer).
And the 24 in the answer is
just 12 x 2: you multiply vertically.
So 88 x 98 = 8624
This is so easy it is just mental arithmetic.

3)Paravartya Yojayet Method to find Quotient and Remainder :

'Paravartya – Yojayet' means 'transpose and apply'

(i) Consider the division by divisors of more than one digit, and when the
divisors are slightly greater than powers of 10.
Example 1 : Divide 1225 by 12.
Step 1 : (From left to right ) write the Divisor leaving the first digit, write the
other digit or digits using negative (-) sign and place them below the divisor
as shown.
12
-2
‾‾‾‾
Step 2 : Write down the dividend to the right. Set apart the last digit for the
remainder.
42
i.e.,, 12 122 5
- 2
Step 3 : Write the 1st digit below the horizontal line drawn under
thedividend. Multiply the digit by –2, write the product below the 2nd digit
and add.
i.e.,, 12 122 5
-2 -2
‾‾‾‾‾ ‾‾‾‾
10
Since 1 x –2 = -2and 2 + (-2) = 0
Step 4 : We get second digits’ sum as ‘0’. Multiply the second digits’ sum
thus obtained by –2 and writes the product under 3rd digit and add.
12 122 5
- 2 -20
‾‾‾‾ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
102 5
Step 5 : Continue the process to the last digit.
i.e., 12 122 5
- 2 -20 -4
‾‾‾‾‾ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
102 1

Step 6: The sum of the last digit is the Remainder and the result to its left is
Quotient.
Thus Q = 102 andR = 1

DECODING HINDUISM--Kailash is not abode of Shiva

Inspite of numerous references to it, the readers might be surprised to know, that Kailash was not always the home of Shiva! Infact, some passages of the Shrimad Bhagvat Puraan state that the original abode of Sadashiv is at the boundary of this Universe at the Loka-alokaborder!

ORIGINAL ABODE OF SHIVA

These verses in the Vayu Puraan, Chapter 39 shed more light on the details of this place:

[230] Beyond Brahmaloka and beneath the upper crust of the Cosmic Egg – in between these two is Shiva’s city, his divine abode called MANOMAYA.

[238] The city shines with scattered diamond dust. These worlds are lit from within, meaning their reality does not consist of reflected light, as does our material world.

[264-266] Lord Maheshwar [the transcendent Lord Shiv] of ten arms sports therein… He is respected and diligently worshiped by the people moving about in aerial chariots.

This, then is the Original and Supreme abode of Shiva where He resides till the end of Creation and is visited by the other gods in their space-crafts {Check the post Lokas or Alien Planetsfor more on this topic}. Kailash may actually be the temporary home where the Lord comes for a small time, maybe as a summer-retreat!

DECODING HINDUISM--WHAT IS GOD IN Hinduism AND what is Hinduism?

What is GOD- Lets us find from many scriptures--
BHAGAVAD GITA 

The most popular amongst all the Hindu scriptures is the Bhagavad Gita. 

Consider the following verse from the Gita: 

"Those whose intelligence has been stolen by material desires surrender unto demigods and follow the particular rules and regulations of worship according to their own natures." 
[Bhagavad Gita 7:20] 

The Gita states that people who are materialistic worship demigods i.e. ‘gods’ besides the True God. 

. Yajurveda 
The following verses from the Yajurveda echo a similar concept of God: 

1. 

"na tasya pratima asti 
"There is no image of Him." 
[Yajurveda 32:3]5 
2. 

"shudhama poapvidham" 
"He is bodyless and pure." 
[Yajurveda 40:8]6 
3. 

"Andhatama pravishanti ye asambhuti mupaste" 
"They enter darkness, those who worship the natural elements" (Air, Water, Fire, etc.). "They sink deeper in darkness, those who worship sambhuti." 
[Yajurveda 40:9]7 

Sambhuti means created things, for example table, chair, idol, etc. 
4. 

The Yajurveda contains the following prayer: 
"Lead us to the good path and remove the sin that makes us stray and wander." 
[Yajurveda 40:16]8 
# Atharvaveda 
The Atharvaveda praises God in Book 20, hymn 58 and verse 3: 

1. "Dev maha osi" 
"God is verily great" 
[Atharvaveda 20:58:3]9 
he Rigveda gives several different attributes to Almighty God. Many of these are mentioned in Rigveda Book 2 hymn 1. 

Among the various attributes of God, one of the beautiful attributes mentioned in the Rigveda Book II hymn 1 verse 3, is Brahma. Brahma means ‘The Creator’. Translated into Arabic it means Khaaliq. Muslims can have no objection if Almighty God is referred to as Khaaliq or ‘Creator’ or Brahma. However if it is said that Brahma is Almighty God who has four heads with each head having a crown, Muslims take strong exception to it. 

Describing Almighty God in anthropomorphic terms also goes against the following verse of Yajurveda: 

"Na tasya Pratima asti" 
"There is no image of Him." 
[Yajurveda 32:3] 

"Easavassyamidham sarwam"from Yysgurvedam;;and; "Yadhova eman;bhoodhanijayathe;Yeneva dhadhanijeevanthi;Yath prayasisnenishanthi;thathnjasadbrahmethi; ";Rigveda;meaning "wherver the universe is coming;whereverver it is still stand; Wherever its gone; That is Brama";

"Ma cid anyad vi sansata sakhayo ma rishanyata" 
"O friends, do not worship anybody but Him, the Divine One. Praise Him alone." 
[Rigveda 8:1:1]10 


Yes supreme GOD is one called Vishnu,(? rub in Islam),


The most basic Philosophy of Hinduism is contained in the tenet - "Deivehah nrguna, nirakara." or God [head or hood] is beyond intellectual and physical perception.

God is a Stage in the evolution that comes naturally to all of us, according to the Philosophy, when we leave this temporal and relative plane of existence to enter the Real Being.

However, they recognize the fact that not all can straight away jump into the Science of the "Nirguna Nirakara deva" and hence, allow them to have physical representations of their choice - called the ichcha devas or the Gods of their own Choice, that they may make as they wish in whatever form suits their level of intellect.

 "Na tasya pratima asti" or it is not possible to capture [the essence of God] in a statue or painting, which is what the Sanskrit translates as is merely a warning that if you opt for an ichcha deva, then, you will not be able to do justice to what the real thing is like.

"Ekam evadvitiyam", IS described wrong many times as mostly people do not read full Shloka-

"Sad eva, saumya, idam agra asid ekam evadvitiyam, tadd haika ahuh, asad evedam agra asid ekam evadvitiyam, tasmad asatah saj jayata."
There was only a single Reality existing in the beginning. The so-called variety was not there. It was one; it was without a second. There was nothing outside it; nothing external to it, to compete with it, to equal it or to be different from it. There is no conceivable reality in this world of this nature.
And the phrase quoted out of context, actually, means - It was one; it was without a second.
The fact, however, is that, in Hinduism, there is no such thing as "Thou shalt not ...".
The Higher Philosophies of Hinduism are very Scientific and require the ability to perform mathematical calculation that are accurate up to 16 decimal points.
Not all people are able to do that and they feel comfortable with a "God" of their own choice who has four arms and is Invincible, in their imagination. Hinduism warns such people that that this is not the Reality, but a Maya or Illusion, but, they do not prohibit nor stop them from doing that.

What is Hinduism-

The word Hinduism is derived after the British empire was enslaved our mother nation due to the lack of unity of our old empires. The word Hindu is came from the travelers and traders of the west and Arabs who called as Hindus this group of people and the wealth beyond imagination lies in the side of Sindhu (indus) river.

A culture a civilization or a life style, which teach us to live according to our Dharma and Karma. Every human have their on karma and for that you have ultimate right to do your karma is your whole life. Eventually the right is powerful and you have to follow the Dharma.... by hindutwa means ...a life style which allows a everybody, including all life forms (human, plant or animal) , to do their duty to others and to the whole universe for the common good and to reach himself in a stage of ultimate happiness for his soul(moksha) .

Some people ask if Karna was son of SUN, well yes it you agree with science that all are made of atom  and consciousness makes them more advanced. So God particle is everywhere where ever you could see or think, or perceive or not. Only consciousness makes it more advanced and last consciousness is being GOD, or like God consciousness, mother of all consciousness and you go through process of Karma and your duty or Dharma( Do not confuse with religion).

Satyamev Jayate: How the truth won over Secular and waqf deception-AYODHYA PART 4.

Continue from Ayodhya after partition secular lies -PART 3.



Secularists’ lies and unscathed Truth - In the winter of 2002-2003, the Court had secretly ordered a search of the site with a ground-penetrating radar by the company Tojo Vikas International Ltd., which had gained fame with its role in the construction of the Delhi underground railway. Canadian geophysicist Claude Robillard concluded from the scans that “there is some structure under the mosque” (Rediff.com, 19 March 2003). In early 2003, the Court ordered the ASI to start excavations and either confirm or disprove the provisional conclusions of the radar scan. Strictly speaking, the existence of the medieval temple had already been proven by a wealth of documentary and archaeological evidence. It was only because of the brutal denial of the evidence by a group of vocal academics and allied politicians that the Court considered it wiser to come up with a new and as yet unchallenged type of evidence. The archaeologists were permanently scrutinized by archaeologists and historians employed by the Muslim parties. Moreover, many of the excavators were Muslims, unlikely to be willing accomplices in a pro-Hindu manipulation. According to the Press Trust of India (11 June 2003): “There were 131 labourers including 29 Muslims engaged in the digging work today”. All this was done to ensure truth from being manipulated.

In the months when the digging took place, the newspapers reported new findings once in a while. Thus, “an ancient stone inscription in the Dev Nagari script and a foundation were discovered in the ongoing excavation in the acquired land in Ayodhya today”, while “stone pieces and a wall were found in other trenches” and “a human figure in terracotta, sand stone netting, decorated sand stone in three pieces were found in one trench” (The Hindu, 5 May 2003). Following this, a Babri Masjid supporter, Naved Yar Khan, approached the Supreme Court with a petition to prohibit all archaeological digging at the contentious site which was rejected (“SC rejects plea against excavation”, The Hindu, 10 June 2003). The secularists had always opposed archaeological fact-finding at the site, arguing that this would open a Pandora’s box of similar initiatives at the literally thousands of mosque sites where temples used to stand.

 

On June 11, after the ASI had been registering new findings for months, pseudo-secularist newspapers started spreading absolute lies that nothing had been found: “ASI finds no proof of structure below Babri Masjid: report”, claimed the Times of India. The occasion was the ASI’s filing of an interim report, yet none of these papers quoted the report, only “sources”. In interviews of Hindu or Muslim leaders, questions were opened with a reference that “nothing was found” underneath the Babri Masjid. However, RSS website came up with detailed findings of the ASI report. There, on 24 June 2003, Chetan Merani wrote: “The excavations so far give ample traces that there was a mammoth pre-existing structure beneath the three-domed Babri structure. (…) The bricks used in these perimeters predate the time of Babar. (…) More than 30 pillar bases have been found at equal spans. (...) Beautiful stone pieces bearing carved Hindu ornamentations like lotus, kaustubh jewel, alligator facade, etc., have been used in these walls. (…) An octagonal holy fireplace (yajna kund) has been found. (…) Terracotta idols of divine figurines, serpent, elephant, horse-rider, saints, etc., have been found. (…) The excavation gives out the picture of a vast compound housing a sole distinguished and greatly celebrated structure used for divine purposes.”

The pseudo-secularist effort had been very strenuous. By contrast, the VHP took a very lackadaisical attitude towards the excavations. It had never attached too much importance to the history debate, firstly because it was a false and contrived debate about a demolished temple which all honest observers knew to have existed; and secondly because the Hindu claim to the site rested less on past history than on the continuous and present fact that Hindus consider the disputed site as a sacred site today. The VHP knew perfectly well that the excavations were bringing up more confirmation by the day of the existence of the temple. And all this while, the Marxist hate campaign targetted the ASI, a scientific institution, as much as it targetted the VHP.

For those unfamiliar with modern Indian history: the Marxists were handed a near-monopoly on institutional power in India’s academic and educational sector by Indira Gandhi involved in an intra-Congress power struggle when she needed the help of the Left. Her confidants P.N. Haksar and Nurul Hasan packed the institutions with Marxists. When, during the Emergency dictatorship (1975-77), her Communist Party allies threatened to become too powerful, she removed them from key political positions but left the Marxists’ hold on the cultural sector intact. They at once set out to falsify history and propagate their own version through the official textbooks. After coming to power in 1998, the BJP-dominated government made a half-hearted attempt to bring transparency at least in the history textbooks. This led the Marxists to start a furious hate campaign against the so-called “saffronization” of history.

In spite of a very aggressive campaign of lies by a few spearheads of “secularism”, the broad outline of the true story was in the public domain for anyone with the curiosity to find out. Yet, the International media’s reporting on the interim report consisted exclusively in copying the most mendacious version. The Reuters despatch for 11 June 2003 was titled: “Dig finds no sign of temple at Indian holy site”, quoting not the actual report, but a ‘source’. Like a babe in the wood, the world press never thought of taking a critical look at the secularist version. The BBC News titled: “‘No sign’ of Ayodhya temple” (11 June 2003). Here again, no information from the horse’s mouth, only from “widespread reports across the Indian media”. Distorted or even totally false reporting on communally sensitive issues is a well-entrenched feature of Indian journalism. No reporter or columnist or editor ever gets fired or formally reprimanded or even just criticized by his peers for smearing Hindu nationalists. And foreign correspondents used to trusting their Indian secularist sources have likewise developed a habit of swallowing and relaying highly distorted news stories.

Satyamev Jayate - In the Ayodhya case, for two decades, the secularists had worked hard to keep the lid on the evidence and they didn’t want some puny radar scanner or muddy-handed archaeologist to bring the facts to light and thereby expose their mendaciousness. After all the wild claims made about their findings, the experts themselves had finally spoken. Their report confirmed that the disputed site contains the foundations of a large building complex. And this time too, the religious purpose of the building can be inferred from the numerous religious artefacts found in between the pillar-bases.

In a normal setting, the ASI findings should have finished once and for all the campaign of history denial by the Marxists and their Muslim camp followers. But the world of Indian secularism is a fantasy-land where hard facts don’t count for much. Like spoilt children, the secularists are used to having it all their own way, and when reality interferes, they close their eyes, shut off their ears and refuse to know. And they will lie and cheat in order to prevent others from knowing. The secularists claimed that the existence of the temple became part of Hindu rhetoric in the dialogue process begun in 1989 between the All India Babri Mosque Committee and the hard-line Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP). In reality, the existence of the medieval temple was a matter of long-standing consensus. What became part of someone’s rhetoric towards 1989 was its denial, launched by the secularists and picked up by the Muslims.

The irresponsible and downright evil campaign of history denial by the secularist opinion-makers has prolonged the Ayodhya dispute by at least a decade. Denouncing all pragmatic deals, these secular fundamentalists insisted on having it their way for the full 100%, meaning the total humiliation of the Hindus. They exercised verbal terror against Rajiv Gandhi, Narasimha Rao and all politicians suspected of wanting to compromise with the Hindu movement, making them postpone the needed steps towards the solution. This way, they exacerbated the tensions in return for the pleasure of indulging their self-image as implacable secularists. A real secularist would have sought to minimize a religious conflict, but this lot insisted on magnifying it and turning it into a national crisis. For them, it was a holy war, a jihad, just as it was for their Islamist pupils and paymasters. So, the blood of all the people killed in Ayodhya-related riots from 1989 onwards is at least partly on their heads.

But now, the historical evidence has definitively been verified. After every single historical and archaeological investigation had confirmed the old consensus, the secularists have now been defeated in the final test. The deceit turns out to be their own. Their lies stand exposed and recorded for all to see. Their strategy to sabotage peace and justice in Ayodhya was based on history falsification. With all the blood on their hands, they have disgraced the fair name of secularism. Henceforth, India should be kind enough to ignore them except to hear the confession of their sins. Ideas have consequences, and so do lies. Before the “eminent historians” and other militant secularists are called up to purgatory, they would do well to clear their conscience by offering restitution to the scientists and Hindus they have smeared. And by begging forgiveness from the families of the Hindu and Muslim victims of riots triggered by a controversy that could have been old history already by 1989, had there not been the secularist obstruction.

On 30th September 2010, the three judge bench of Allahabad High Court delivered its landmark judgment. All the 3 judges agreed to the fact that there indeed was a “Hindu religious structure” below the disputed Babari mosque. Justice Aftab Alam did not concede that the temple was demolished to construct the mosque. He maintained that the mosque was constructed on the ruins of the temple. Justice Dharmveer Sharma and Justice Sudhir Agrawal ruled that the mosque was constructed after demolishing the temple and using its material. Justice Agrawal and Justicee Aftab Alam ruled for the division of the disputed site giving 2/3rd to the Hindus and still giving 1/3rd to Muslims, while Justice Sharma ruled that all land must go to Hindus. Justice Sharma retired the same day with a unique track record under his cap - none of his judgments, when challenged in the Supreme Court, were ever turned down, i.e. whatever Justice Sharma ruled, was always upheld by the Supreme Court. Interestingly enough, the concerned parties challenged the decision of the Allahabad High Court in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court, in its hearing on May 9th, termed the decision of splitting the land into 3 parts given by Justice Agrawal and Justice Khan as ‘surprising’ and stayed it, making it amply clear that the land will only go to one party, seemingly resonating with Justice Sharma’s observations.

A patient India and Hindus across the world waits for the final verdict. Ram has ruled Indian and Hindu psyche since time immemorial, and the importance of Ayodhya can never be erased. For an Indian Muslim, they need to be told the fact that their brothers in Ayodhya themselves never went to offer a namaz at Babri mosque since 1934, a fact that a ‘secular’ media and wicked politicians deliberately hid from them, disturbing the peace. Like every nationalist peace loving Indian, IBTL too hopes for a quick and just settlement of the dispute and a feeling of comity prevail, through Ayodhya, across India, and India could truly become a Ramrajya of peace and development.
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Disclaimer: The information presented in this series has been primarily taken from the documentary on Ram Janmbhoomi researched and scripted by Vivek Apte and the book “Ayodyha, The Finale: Science versus Secularism the Excavations Debate” by Dr. Koenraad Elst, an eminent Dutch Indologist. IBTL values Secularism but denounces its abuse as a tool to suppress truth and create tensions among countrymen. IBTL holds nationalism and foremost, Truth as most sacred and revered.

Are We Alone? Are UFOs real?

“Disclosure Project” is a two part documentary which gives an Executive Briefing on startling revelations made on UFO (Unidentified Flying Objects) and ET (Extra-terrestrial) sightings around the world.  There is nothing graphic about this documentary and heavily relies on testimonies and interviews of eyewitnesses who are high ranking and reliable officers (who are not on drugs!!) from NASA, FAA, radar operating officers, military and government personnel who have had close encounters of the third kind, with sufficient corroborative evidences.

This documentary on The UFO Phenomenon aims to show that some UFOs may be extra-terrestrial and that secrecy and ridicule are regularly employed to keep the truth about UFOs hidden.  The eye-witnesses have seen the UFOs flying at high speeds not attainable by man (up to 17,000 – 18,000 miles per hour) calculated on basis of position of the objects between radar blips, some have seen the UFOs land, others have seen them crash land and few others also witnessed the highly intelligent aliens who died on crash land and at least two were alive out of which one died later and the other one escaped and was shot dead later!!  What happened to these evidences, no one knows.  The UFOs are particularly interested in the military weapons facilities carrying the nukes and some missiles were intercepted in mid-flight during tests, by UFOs!!  An interviewee also says that pictures of the dark side of the moon before the Apollo missions revealed that there were colonies consisting of high rise buildings, some of which were more than half a mile high!!! Even the astronauts who landed on the moon including Neil Armstrong reported UFO sightings on the moon.  And these pictures / tapes were later airbrushed / deleted by the Government (supposedly people from Unacknowledged Special Access Program also called USAP, which is a covert organisation with a complicated organisational structure of which even the President of USA is not aware) and interviewees were warned or assaulted or some witnesses even killed for not spilling the truth to anybody!  Remember the “X-files” series which entirely dwelt on the premises of presence of UFOs and ET but ultimately suppressed by the Government?!  Further, many witnesses were ridiculed by saying that the purported UFO could be a weather balloon, military vehicle or man-made aircraft etc.

Some theorists and many witnesses also say that Integrated Circuits (ICs) and Fiber Optics were found in crashed spaceships.  This technology was then made available to the public!!!  So now we know from where we got these technologies!!!  The UFOs are specially designed to be anti-gravity.  No seatbelts are required for the passengers inside the vehicle as the UFO has its own gravity by using the laws of physics.  There’s probably not much we have technologically that would interest an alien species that has the technology for interstellar travel.  However, to primitives like us, advanced alien technologies could open doors to wealth and power if we could figure out how the stuff works.  According to some theorists, the process of humans exploiting advanced UFO technologies is already well underway.  The undercover USAP and others have developed fully functional prototypes of UFOs reverse engineered from crashed alien spaceships, which have anti-gravity propulsion system which requires no fuel, no pollution, no noise and very highly manoeuvrable and which purportedly employs ‘Zero Point Energy’.   These ARVs (Alien Reproduction Vehicles) are very well capable of undertaking space flights at or more than the speed of light.  These prototypes have not been publicised at all.  Remember, many “X-Files” episodes highlight these covert operations!  Rigorous Reverse Engineering is taking place to develop Alien technologies based on the objects crashed on Earth.   One of such well-known UFO crash is the Rosswell Crash.

According to sources close to the Government, the UFO contacts is known by quite a few politicians in the opposition and ofcourse by those who are in power.  The military has legitimate concern of not letting the secrets out either.  The Columbia crash has a mysterious UFO angle to it as well … not so much an ET war as suggested by some but a measure to keep us grounded to Planet Earth … why … ?

‘Are the Aliens hostile?’ was one of the queries thrown to an interviewee.  He said if it was true, the Aliens would have completely wiped out our existence long time ago due to their advanced technologies!

All this has not been allowed to be publicised by the Government or so to say secret organisations within the Government, in order not to create panic among the people or more likely to enjoy monetary gain by a few people within the Government.

Alien scenario in India:

UFO Sightings were also reported in India.  One such instance was at Bijnor city, Uttar Pradesh, Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu and Karnal, Haryana (Incidentally this town is where Late Kalpana Chawla was born, who was aboard the Columbia SpaceCraft which crashed, and it had a mysterious UFO angle to it as well).  These UFO was seen by many residents in the night sky.  Many of these residents managed to grab a camera or video camera and record the event that was taking place in the darkness above their heads.  Most feared that they were under attack by aliens.  They believe to this day that the object was not of this world.  Recently India has seen enormous news on UFO contacts and secret UFO bases in Himalayas near the Chinese bases. In Ladak, for example the locals clearly point out the everyday phenomenon of large triangular spacecrafts coming out below the ground and Indian security forces protecting them.  Military officials and politicians have confessed the fact that India has been contacted. India has been told the rules of the Universe.  If the information comes out through unofficial channels first and then the authorities are pressed against the wall to confess, two bad things can happen. First, it can really cause a panic in the country as well as the world. Second, the way the Indian politics is run, the ruling party will be thrown out of power in no time if it is ever found that the Government withheld such information from the public.  The recent rush of world leaders to India is remarkable. Starting from Russian President Putin to major Senators from America have visited or are planning to visit India. European Union is in deep discussion with India on cooperation. All sanctions against India’s nuclear programs and Indian Space Research Organization are in the process of being lifted. India is cooperating with Europeans and the Americans in space explorations and technology research program. India is also part of World TradeOrganization. India is receiving major outsourcing contracts in IT and call-center service work from America and Europe. India’sForex reserve is at a level never imagined before because of international direct investments from Western nations, Japan, Korea and others. Interestingly, China the arc rival of India changed its posture in the last few years to make India’s friendship and trade a priority. India is slowly getting to the point when it is accepted as a permanent member of the Security Council. All the five Security Council members China, America, Russia, France and UK support India’s inclusion.  When all these factors are added together and analyzed, it seems like India is being told by the world to abide by the hidden protocols and in exchange be recognized as a major emerging superpower.  According to sources close to the Government, the UFO contacts is known by quite a few politicians in the opposition and of course by those who are in power.  The military has legitimate concern of not letting the secrets out either.  (S0urce – http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/01-06a-05.asp).  It appears that all the nuclear powers on Earth are being contacted by Aliens and apparently the galaxy and the Aliens are not happy about nuclear power.

God is an Astronaut:

How Old is the Word ‘Hindu’?

How Old is the Word ‘Hindu’? 
Here is an eye-opening article about the antiquity of the word “Hindu.” The communisthistorians of India and the Western Indologists claim that the word “Hindu” was invented by the Arabs in the 8th century and its origins lay in the Persian practice of replacing “S” with “H”. However, many inscriptions over a thousand years older than this period have used the word ”Hindu” or its derivatives. Also, the origin of the word most certainly lies in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat in India, not in Persia. What I found particularly interesting was that Prophet Mohammed’s uncle Omar-bin-e-Hassham had composed a poem in praise of Lord Shiva, a copy of which can be found in the Makhtab-e-Sultania library in Istanbul, Turkey. This rang a bell in my mind. There are many websites which claim that Kaba was an ancient Shiva temple. I don’t know what to make of these claims, but the fact that Prophet Mohammed’s uncle had written an ode to Lord Shiva is certainly stunning.

Antiquity and Origin of the Term ‘Hindu’ 
                                The anti-Hindu historians like Romila Thapar and D.N. Jha have opined that the word ‘Hindu’ was given currency by the Arabs in the 8th century. They however, do not explain the basis of their conclusion nor do they cite any evidence in support of their claim. Even Arab Muslim writers do not make such an extravagant claim. Another theory propounded by European writers is that the word ‘Hindu’ is a Persian corruption of ‘Sindhu’ resulting from the Persian practice of replacing ‘S’ with ‘H’. Even here, no evidence is cited. In fact the word Persia itself contains ‘S’ which should have become ‘Perhia’ if this theory was correct. The present paper examines the above two theories in the light of epigraphic and literary evidence available from Persian, Indian, Greek, Chinese and Arabic sources. The evidence appears to support the conclusion that ‘Hindu’ like ‘Sindhu’, has been in use since the Vedic age and that although ‘Hindu’ is a modified form of ‘Sindhu’, its origin lies in the Saurashtran practice of pronouncing ‘H’ in place of ‘S’. 
 Epigraphic Evidence
                          The Hamadan, Persepolis and Naqsh-I-Rustam Inscriptions of Persian monarch Darius mention a people ‘Hidu’ as included in his empire. These inscriptions are dated between 520-485 B.C. This fact establishes that the term ‘Hi(n)du’ was current more than 500 years before Christ. Xerexes, successor of Darius, in his inscriptions at Persepolis, gives names of countries under his rule. The list includes ‘Hidu’. Xerexes was ruling between 485-465 B.C. On a tomb in Persepolis, in another inscription assigned to Artaxerexes (404-395 B.C.), there are three figures above which are inscribed ‘iyam Qataguviya’ (this is Satygidian), ‘iyam Ga(n)dariya’ (this is Gandhara) and ‘iyam Hi(n)duviya’ (this is Hi(n)du). The Asokan inscriptions (3rd century B.C.) repeatedly use expressions like ‘Hida’ for ‘India’ and ‘Hida loka’ for ‘Indian nation’. ‘Hida’ and its derivative forms are used more than 70 times in the Ashokan inscriptions. For instance in the Jaugadha, separate rock edict II, the lines 3 & 4, read: All men are my people. I desire for my people that they may be provided with all welfare and happiness. I desire for my people, including the people of Hind and beyond and I desire for all men. The Edict further, says in lines 7 & 8 Dhamma may be followed and the people of Hind and beyond may be served. The Ashokan inscriptions establish the antiquity of the name ‘Hind’ for India to at least third century B.C. In Persepolis Pahlvi inscriptions of Shahpur II (310 A.D.) the king has the titles shakanshah hind shakastan u tuxaristan dabiran dabir, “king of Shakastan, minister of ministers of Hind Shakastan and Tukharistan.” The epigraphic evidence from the Achaemenid, Ashokan and Sasanian Pahlvi records puts a question mark on the theory about the term ‘Hindu’ having originated in Arab usage in the 8th century A.D. Literary evidence takes the antiquity of the word ‘Hindu’ back to at least 1000 B.C. and possibly 5000 B.C. Evidence from Pahlvi Avesta   
                                           In the Avesta, Hapta-Hindu is used for Sanskrit Sapta-Sindhu, the Avesta being dated variously between 5000-1000 B.C. This indicates that the term ‘Hindu’ is as old as the word ‘Sindhu.’ Sindhu is a Vedik term used in the Rigveda. And therefore, ‘Hindu’ is as ancient as the Rigveda. In the Avestan Gatha ‘Shatir’, 163rd Verse speaks of the visit of Veda Vyas to the court of Gustashp and in the presence of Zorashtra, Veda Vyas introduces himself saying ‘man marde am Hind jijad.’ (I am man born in ‘Hind.’) Veda Vyas was an elder contemporary of Shri Krishna (3100 B.C.). 
 Greek Usage
                               The Greek term ‘Indoi’ is a softened form of ‘Hindu’ where the initial ‘H’ was dropped as the Greek alphabet has no aspirate. This term ‘Indoi’ was used in Greek literature by Hekataeus (late 6th century B.C.) and Herodotus (early 5th century B.C.), thus establishing that the Greeks were using this derivative of ‘Hindu’ as early as 6th century B.C.  
The Hebrew bible 
                                The Hebrew bible uses ‘Hodu’ for India, which is a Judaic form of ‘Hindu’. The Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) is considered earlier than 300 B.C. Today’s Hebrew spoken in Israel also uses Hodu for India.
 The Chinese Testimony 
The Chinese used the term ‘Hien-tu’ for ‘Hindu’ about 100 B.C.11 While describing movements of the Sai-Wang (100 B.C.), the Chinese annals state that the Sai-Wang went towards the South and passing Hien-tu reached Ki-Pin. Later Chinese travellers Fa-Hien (5th century A.D.) and Huen-Tsang (7th century A.D.) use a slightly modified term ‘Yintu’ but the affinity to ‘Hindu’ is still retained. This term ‘Yintu’ continues to be used till today Pre-Islamic Arabic Literature 
 Sair-ul-Okul is an anthology of ancient Arabic poetry available in the Turkish library Makhtab-e-Sultania in Istanbul. In this anthology is included a poem by Prophet Mohammed’s uncle Omar-bin-e-Hassham. The poem is in praise of Mahadev (Shiva), and uses ‘Hind’ for India and ‘Hindu’ for Indians. Some verses are quoted below: Wa Abaloha ajabu armeeman Mahadevo Manojail ilamuddin minhum wa sayattaru If but once one worships Mahadev with devotion, One will attain the ultimate salvation. Wa sahabi Kay yam feema Kamil Hinda e Yauman, Wa Yakulam na latabahan foeennak Tawajjaru. (Oh Lord grant me but one day’s sojourn in Hind, Where one can attain spiritual bliss.) Massayare akhalakan hasanan Kullahum, Najumam aja at Summa gabul Hindu. (But one pilgrimage there gets one all merit, And the company of great Hindu saints.) The same anthology has another poem by Labi-bin-e Akhtab bin-e Turfa who is dated 2300 years before Mohammed i.e. 1700 B.C. This poem also uses ‘Hind’ for India and ‘Hindu’ for Indian. The poem also mentions the four Vedas Sama, Yajur, Rig and Athar. This poem is quoted on columns in the Laxmi Narayan Mandir in New Delhi, popularly known as Birla Mandir (Temple) Some verses are as follows: Aya muwarekal araj yushaiya noha minar Hinda e, wa aradakallha manyonaifail jikaratun. (Oh the Divine land of Hind, blessed art thou, thou art chosen land showered with divine knowledge.) Wahalatjali Yatun ainana sahabi akhatun jikra, Wahajayahi yonajjalur rasu minal Hindatun. (That celetial knowledge shines with such brilliance, Through the words of Hindu saints in fourfold abundance.) Yakuloonallaha ya ahlal araf alameen kullahum, fattabe-u jikaratul Veda bukkun malam yonajjaylatun. (God enjoins on all, follow with devotion, path shown by Veda with divine percept.) Wahowa alamus Sama wal Yajur minallahay Tanajeelan, Fa e noma ya akhigo mutibayan Yobasshariyona jatun. (Overflowing with knowledge are Sama and Yajur for Man, Brothers, follow the path which guides you to salvation.) Wa isa nain huma Rig Athar nasahin ka Khuwatun, Wa asanat Ala-udan wabowa masha e ratun (Also the two Rig and Athar(va) teach us fraternity, taking shelter under their lusture, dispels darkness.)
  ‘Hindu’ in Sanskrit Literature 
 Another doubt created by the modern day anglicized historian is that the term ‘Hindu’ is not found used in Sanskrit literature. This misconception can be dispelled by quoting from Sanskrit works15 : Meru tantra (es#rU=) (4th to 6th century A.D.), a Shaiva text, comments on ‘Hindu’. Hindu is one who discards the mean and the ignoble. The same idea is expressed in Shabda Kalpadruma. Brihaspati Agam says, Starting from Himalaya up to Indu waters is this God-created country Hindustan Parijat Haran Natak describes Hindu as, Hindu is one who with penance washes one’s sins and evil thoughts and with arms destroys one’s enemies. Madhava Digvijaya states, One who meditates on Omkar as the primeal sound, believes in karma & reincarnation, has reverence for the cow, who is devoted to Bharat, and abhors evil, is deserving of being called Hindu. Vriddha Smriti defines Hindu as, One who abhors the mean and the ignoble, and is of noblebearing, who reveres the Veda, the cow, and the deity, is a Hindu. Similarly other Sanskrit works which use the term ‘Hindu’ are, Kalika Puran, Bhavishya Puran, Adbhut Kosh, Medini Kosh, Ram Kosh etc. Even Kalidas has used a derivative form ‘Haindava.’ ‘Hindu’ and ‘Sindhu’ - Another theory says that ‘Hindu’ originated from the Persian practice of replacing ‘S’ with ‘H’. 

                              This does not seem to be true is evident from the fact that Sindh has not become Hind and both Sindh and Hind exist in Persian as well as Arabic. The inscriptions of Darius and Xerexes which describe India as Hi(n)du, also use the term ‘Sugd’ for Sogdiana. This ‘Sugd’ should have become ‘Hugd’ as per this theory. The Pahlvi inscription of Shahpur II, uses ‘S’ in Shakastan and Tuxaristan. But it cannot be denied that Hindu is a form of Sindhu. It needs to be realised that this change from S to H is common in Saurashtra where Sorath becomes Horath, Somnath becomes Homnath and so on. The form Hindu is therefore, likely to have come from Saurashtra. It should also be noted that as per Nirukta rules of grammar, in the Vedik language, replacement of S with H is permitted Conclusion . Epigraphic evidence takes the antiquity of ‘Hindu’ back to at least 500 B.C. Use of ‘Hindu’ as part of ‘Hapta-Hindu’ in the Avesta suggests that ‘Hindu’ is as old as ‘Sindhu’ and therefore, belongs to the Vedic age. Regarding the origin of ‘Hindu’ from ‘Sindhu’, the Saurashtran practice of pronouncing ‘H’ in place of ‘S’ provides the answer. ~By Dr. Murlidhar H. Pahoja